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99 Cards in this Set
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Name themajor land-based and water-based biomes and give prime biotic and abioticcharacteristics of each. |
LAND 12: Desert Biome, Temperate Grassland Biome, Savanna Biome, Tropical Rainforest Biome, Tropical Dry Forest Biome, Temperate Rainforest Biome, Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome, Conifer Forest Biome, Tundra Biome, Taiga Biome, Chaparral Biome, Swamps, Marshes, Bogs Biome |
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producers |
mainly green plants; driven by the sun / photosynthesis |
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Biotic structure
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The way organisms fit together |
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Describe the process ofphotosynthesis.
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Light energy + CO2 +H2O -> glucose + O2
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Understand the second principle of ecosystem sustainability.
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diversity
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Biota |
all organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) are referred to as biota
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Chlorophyll |
is the molecule that captures light energy in plants
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Detritus (feeders) |
fecal waste of animals or dead animals
(consumers call detritus feeders: earthworms and millipedes, etc.) |
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Ecotone |
A region that contains many of the species and characteristics of 2 adjacent systems where 2 biomes blend together.
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Biotic structure |
refers to the parts and how they fit together
2 sides of every ecosystem: 1. organisms 2. environmental factors. all organisms = biota |
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Primary consumers |
animals that feed directly on the producers (Herbivores)
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Secondary consumers |
animals that feed on primary consumers
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intrinsic value |
value for its own sake does not have to be useful to possess value
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5 areas of value |
1. Agriculture, Forestry, Aquaculture, and Animal Husbandry
2. For Medicine 3. Recreation, Aesthetic, and Scientific Value 4. Commercial Value 5. Intrinsic Value |
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Define biodiversity and estimate the diversity of species on Earth. |
The variety and variability of life on Earth. variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems.
2,440,000 known/catalogued species 11MIL predicted number Terrestrial: 8.75 MIL Ocean: 2.23 MIL |
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loss of bio-diversity: 6 causes HIPPOC |
Habitat alteration
Invasive species Pollution Population growth Overexploitation Climate change |
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Analyze the ways in which physical alteration of habitat affect biodiversity. |
-Conversion
-Fragmentation -Simplification |
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Explain how the human population explosion impacts biodiversity. |
increasing pop puts pressure on biodiversity
-timber production -farmland -cities |
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Biological wealth |
the life-sustaining combination of commercial, scientific, and aesthetic values imparted to a region by its biota.
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Cultivar |
a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding.
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Gene bank |
a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material.
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Simplification of habitat |
*Human use simplifies habitats
-fuelwood gathering -stream channelization -trails for recreation |
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Fragmentation of habitat |
-minimum area required to support a critical number of individuals
-edge effect: changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats. -fragments do not preserve biodiversity |
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Conversion of habitat |
habitat alteration
forests > farms forests > housing |
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Endangered Species Act: Provides 3 things |
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (reauth in 1988)
1. Substantial fines for any killing, trapping, uprooting (plants) or commerce 2. USFWS to draft recovery plans 3. Habitats must be mapped and a program designed for preservation and management -1400 species listed (said 900) -700 recovery plans exist (said 500) |
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Endangered species |
one that has been reduced to the point where it is inimminent danger of becoming extinct without protection
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Exotic species |
is one introduced that is from somewhere else
-aka alien species -usually has no niche to fill and dies out -occasionally disrupts ecosystems and wipes out native species |
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Lacey Act |
— enacted in 1900, forbids interstate commerce in illegally killed wildlife
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Ecotourism |
— the enterprise involved in promoting tourism of unusual or interestingecological sites
* Non-consumptive use of wildlife *travel industry important for many countries Rwanda- gorillas, $ maker, 3% of preserves land Kenya-Wildlife 2nd largest source of income Costa Rica- rainforest, 2nd to coffee in income Dominica- plans to develop economy on ecotour |
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Keystone species |
— a species whose role is absolutely vital for the survival of manyother organisms in an ecosystem -May be a pollinator -elephants in africa: grazing modifies habitat in favor of many other species |
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The structure of ecosystems |
EARTH > BIOME > ECOSYSTEM > PLANT COMMUNITY > SPECIES biosperes> conifer forests> douglas fir/grand fir/ plants/animals/microbes > firs/understory> Oregon grape |
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ECOSYSTEM
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a grouping of various species of plants, animals, and microbes interactingwith each other and their environment
Each ecosystem is characterized by a distinctive plant community |
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PLANT COMMUNITY
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— grouping of particular plants |
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Biome |
refers to a number of closely related ecosystems
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Desert Biome |
>15 in precip/year dry amount of vegetation varies widely hot and cold deserts |
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Temperate Grassland biome |
15-25 in/year dominated by grass distinct hot and cold seasons aka steppe, prarie |
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water-based biomes (9) |
Freshwater swamps, marshes and bogs. Lakes. Rivers and Streams. Estuaries. Inter-tidal zones. Coastal Ocean. Open Ocean. Mangrove. Coral Reefs. |
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Inter-tidal zones
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area between low and high tide |
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Coastal Ocean
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along the continental divide |
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Savanna Biome |
grassland w/out 4 seasons\ dominated by grasses, some shrubs/trees warm/hot climate-no cold season drier tropical regions distinct rainy and dry seasons |
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Tropical Rainforest Biome |
yearly uniform warm temperatures year-round rain (no dry season) tropical areas of the world huge biodiversity |
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Tropical Dry Forest Biome |
yearly uniform warm temperatures distinct dry season (trees lose leaves) tropical areas of the world huge biodiversity |
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Temperate Rain Forest Biome |
temperate climate (not hot) year round rain (no real dry season) often dominated by conifer trees high timber production |
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Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome |
Warm summers, cool winters broadleaf trees that lose their leaves in winter >35 in precip/year oaks, beeches, maples, etc |
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Conifer Forest Biome |
cool simmers cold winters conifer trees dominate >22" precip/year pines, furs, spruces, larch |
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Tundra Biome |
dry as desert cool climates high latitudes alpine low biomass |
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Taiga Biome |
aka boreal forest dom. by evergreen trees stunted trees, bogs, and lakes ling cold winters, short cool summers Siberia, Finland, Canada |
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Chaparral Biome |
Mediterranean climate 16-30 in precip/year evergreen shrubs, densely thicketed frequent fires |
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Swamps, marshes, Bogs Biome |
land-based, but heavily h2o influenced, standing water for at least 3 months some aquatic plants biologically diverse |
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abiotic |
Non-living chemical and physical factors of the environment: temperature, moisture, wind, etc. |
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consumers |
2 types: primary and secondary Primary feed directly on producers Secondary feed on primaries |
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decomposers. |
— fungi and bacteria -Detritus (di TRI tus) — fecal wastes of animal and dead animals Consumers called detritus feeders i.e. earthworms, millipedes etc Have primary detritus feeders secondary detritus feeders
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instrumental value |
a species or individual organism has instrumental value if itsexistence or use benefits some other entity (monetary value) |
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ANTHROPOCENTRIC |
— beneficiaries are humans |
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5 areas of value: 1. Agriculture, Forestry, Aquaculture, and Animal Husbandry |
* Native plant for cultivation...Cultivar for variety *Potential 10k legumes, 50 widely cultivated soybeans, dry beans, peas, lentils, peanuts alfalfa, clover, lupines etc. |
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5 areas of value: 2. For Medicine |
*periwinkle of madagascar: 10of800 in medicine -childhood leukemia -hodgkins disease -100 MIL annual industry, no $ to madagascar *pacific yew-produces taxol, a compound used in cancer treatment *24% of pharmaceuticals today are plant derived |
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5 areas of value: 3. Recreation, Aesthetic, and Scientific Value |
-sport fishing -hunting -hiking -camping -photography -movies (gorillas in the mist) -very important source of support for maintaining wild species |
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5 areas of value: 4. Commercial Value |
INDIRECT: rec value to support commercial value -sporting good stores-tourist travel-Ecotourism DIRECT: commercial logging-don't overcut! -commercial fishing |
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5 areas of value: 5. Intrinsic Value |
* Basic right to exist * Large vs. small animals? * future of mankind? |
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Predicting Biodiversity: 3 factors in order |
1. heat and humidity 2. size of country 3. number of biomes |
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Biodiversity |
The variety and variability of life on Earth. The variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. |
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BioD in the world: 5 big countries |
70% in 17 countries Near equator, tropical rain forest, large Brazil, Indonesia, New Guinea, Zaire (Congo), China |
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Next 5 |
USA, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Mexico |
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Ranking states |
1-NC,2-Indiana,3-Iowa 1-ID, 2-MT, 3-WY 1-CA, 2-TX, 3-AK 1-OK, 2-NB, 3-ND |
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Ranking Countries |
1-Cuba, 2-Dom Repub, 3-Haiti 1-Uganda, 2-Chad, 3-Niger |
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BioD in the USA |
Mammals-466, 21 th/en 5% en Birds-1095, 43 en 5% en Amphibians- 222, 22 en, 10% en Reptiles- 368, 25 en, 7% en Fish- 2,640, 164 en, 7% en Plants- 20,080 , 2,476 , 10% en |
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Idaho endangered Species |
caribou, Grizzly Bear, Crane, 3 types of salmon, Peregrine Falcon, 3 types of snails |
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USA endangered |
9K species at risk 500 extinct 1,400 on ESA |
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Bad Signs (endangered) USA |
commercial fish catch down 42% since '82 waterfowl pops down 30% since '69 song bird and frog numbers declining |
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Bad Signs (endangered) WORLD |
-Most extensions on small islands Concern in Tropics -if deforestation is 1.8% = lose 40K species a year -potential loss of 320K species 2008-2016 -about 2MIL species in tropics -huge biodiversity |
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biodiversity hot spots, and examples |
regions with high levels of endemic species (found nowhere else) that are under serious threat from humans. -Black Rhino down 96% '70-'99 -48% of wild cats in trouble -50% of bears in trouble |
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pollution |
Cause or is a form of habitat destruction or alteration -forest die back -chesapeake bay - DDT use |
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Overuse / overexploitation |
over: fishing, logging, and whaling furniture from tropical hardwoods Ivory, Rhino horns, gallbladders and livers of bears, etc. Exotic pets |
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Climate change |
-coral reefs (may be gone in 40 yrs) -ocean acidification -weather (temperatures etc.) |
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Conversion in Idaho |
12K acres/year farmland to urban forests and pastures to suburban |
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Fragmentation in Idaho |
A building on 5-60 acres of land subdivisions in rural areas |
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Simplification in Idaho |
forestry-cutting trees Grazing |
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Change in PNW |
78K+ acts converted annually 250K acres fragmented annually |
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change in the USA |
900K+ acres annually = 1.5 rhode island Latah county = 698K acres Rhode Island = 670K acres |
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Change in the world |
40MIL acres/year (size of Georgia) 25+MIL to farms 9MIL to pastures 6MIL to human use |
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Internet's efforts to protect BioD |
Trade in endangered species- CITES Convention on Biological Diversity |
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CITES |
Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora -focus on trade of wild plants and animals -int'l agreement signed by 118 countries -banned ivory trade to stop decline of elephant |
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Saving wild species in USA |
-game animals gtg turkey success. almost extinct 4.5MIL in 49 states -hunting fees help -good wildlife mngmt -some non-game programs Problems: road kills>hunter kills, urban invasion (opossums, raccoons, skunks, deer), lack of predators; deer but no wolves |
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convention on biological diversity |
-1/2 agreements from '92 Earth summit in Rio -signed by 158 nations -USA no sign bc industry objections -funds move from HDCs to LDCs to protect biodiversity -genetic resource access rests with host countrys -have to share tech developed from genetic resources |
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Problems with ESA |
-protection once almost gone -spotted owl threatened 6-8k indv. -not enough $ for enforcement -political problems with some species (snail darter-dam, spotted owl-logging, salmon-dams/commerce in PNW ESA is the formal recognition of the importance of preserving wild speciesregardless of economic importance (intrinsic value) |
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ESA today |
-July 2012, 1,394 species listed -600 animal -794 plant -316 threatened: -166 animal, -150 plant |
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ecosystems under pressure: forest and woodland |
The decline of biodiversity is linked to the welfare of all the Earth’s ecosystems 1. ForestsandWoodlands – approximately 35% of the area in woodland worldwide is now devoid of trees |
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ecosystems under pressure:forest cover |
-down 50% last 8k years -40MIL HA/decade -29MIL actual, 11MIL plantations -Deforestation greatest in Africa, Caribbean
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Negative impacts of losing forest |
-reduced productivity: biomass -reduc nutrients -reduce BioD -+ soil erosion - reduced soil moisture)both ppt and retention) -reduced efficiency of hydrological cycle |
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Indonesia |
1.3% of world land area BUT 11% plants, 10% mammals, 16% insects |
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Deforestation |
-Reduce tree cover = reduced rainfall Why are we losing forests? -expansion of agriculture -wood harvesting -road building |
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Wetlands drying up |
-6% of earth -high disproportionate BioD -50% loss in US since 1900 |
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Mangroves |
huge loss worldwide. EX Barbados |
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Public lands in USA |
-40% land publicly owned -4.5K protected areas worldwide |
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Wilderness act of 1964 |
-630 locations in US - 102 MIL acres |
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Federal Management |
BLM-170MIL acres USFS- 19MIL USFWS- 92MIL NPS- 87MIL DOD- 25MIL |
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Diversity if National Forests |
- 190+ MIL acres -land in USA, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico |
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Caribbean National Forests in Puerto Rico |
- El Yunque Forest -Nation's only tropical forest - > 100k acres - more plant diversity than entire forest system combined |
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Idaho |
-33MIL acres federally owned -62.6% of state -Only AK, UT, and NV have higher % of land federally owned |