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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ____ Clan Confronts the
_____ Uranium Mine |
Mirrar
Jabiluka |
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Uranium
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naturally occurring radioactive metal; used in nuclear
power plants, weapons, medical tools |
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Deposits in ____ often occur on sacred Aboriginal land
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Australia
- The Mirrar oppose the mine for cultural, religious, ethical, health, and economic reasons |
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Australian government _____ the objections for the first mine
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overruled
– Rangers Mine, 1978 |
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Second mine
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Jabiluka, construction is being fought by Mirrar
due to - Depending on land for daily needs e.g. hunting/gathering - River provide foods - Threat to health and environment – e.g. spills - Dams holding waste could fail e.g. during an earthquake 2004 – Mirrar’s won; Jabiluka will not be developed unless the Mirrar agrees |
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Culture
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ensemble of knowledge, beliefs, values,
and learned ways of life shared by a group of people |
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A worldview
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a persons (or
group) beliefs about the meaning, operation and essence of the world |
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Religions
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believed ancestor’s spirit left signs
and lesson in the landscape |
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Communities
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a group may have “lived”
through and experience |
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Political ideology
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ones opinion on the role of
gov. may influence whether one wants the gov. to intervene to protect the environment |
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Many factors shape worldview:
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Religions
Communities Political ideology Economics Individual interests |
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Vested interest
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an individual with strong
interests in the outcome of a decision that results in “private” gain or loss for that individual |
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Ethics
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the study of good and bad, right and wrong
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Relativists
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ethics varies with social context
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Universalists
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right and wrong remains the same
across cultures and situations |
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Environmental ethics
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application of ethical standards
to relationships between human and non-human entities |
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Anthropocentrism
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only humans have rights – more
“human centered” view of our relationship with the environment - Ignores rights of any non-human entity - Measures costs and benefits solely according to human impact |
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Biocentrism
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ascribes
values to actions on the basis of their effects on ALL living things - All living things have value |
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Ecocentrism
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whole
ecological systems have value; values the well being of the entire species - More holistic perspective, stresses preserving connections |
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Resources
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are any part of the natural environment
that are used to promote the welfare of people or other species (E.g. air, water, soil, forest, minerals, wildlife) |
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Conservation
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the sensible and careful management
of resources; that is without inflicting excessive environmental damage, so that resources are also available for the future generation |
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Preservation
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is concerned with setting aside
undisturbed areas, maintaining them in a pristine state, and protecting them from human activities |
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The preservation ethic
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Unspoiled nature should be protected for its own inherent
value |
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John Muir
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naturalist and writer, (1838-1914) was
responsible for establishing the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks in California by the Yosemite National Park Bill * - Motivated by deforestation and env. degradation |
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John Muir was a ________ – believed in
protecting nature b/c all forms of life deserve respect and consideration |
biocentric preservationist
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Muir also founded the ____, a national
conservation organization |
Sierra Club
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General Revision Act 1891
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gave the
president the authority to establish forest reserves on public (federally owned) land.* |
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Theodore Roosevelt
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used
this law to put 43 million acres of forest in the West, in accessible to loggers |
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Gifford Pinchot
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American Forrestor
had an anthropocentric viewpoint on the value of nature • Today, he is associated with conservation ethic – put natural resources to use but also that we have a responsibility to manage them wisely |
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Aldo Leopold (1886 –
1948) |
wildlife biologist
• Believed that healthy ecological systems depend on the protection of all their interacting parts – predators and prey • Humans should view themselves and the land as members of the same community |
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The land ethic
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People should treat land in an
ethical manner. |
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Leopold wrote two books*:
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- Game Management –
1933, - funded wildlife management and research - A Sand County Almanac (an environmental classic) – 1949, philosophical writing - humanity’s relationship with nature and about the need to conserve wilderness areas |
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Rachel Carson,
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marine
biologist (1907-1964) – created public concern in the 1960’s about pollution and resource quality; also mid 20th. century |
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Rachel Carson Wrote about
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interrelationships among
living organisms, including humans and the natural environment |
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Rachel Carson Most famous book was
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Silent Spring, 1962; wrote
against the indiscriminate use of pesticides - Spray chemicals should be called ‘biocides |
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Gaylord Nelson and Denis
Hayes, |
1970 organized the
first nationally celebrated “Earth Day”, • an event which enlightened the US environmental consciousness to: - population growth - overuse of resources - pollution and environmental degradation |
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The theme of Earth Day
2000? |
“Clean Energy Now”
- showed the dangers of global climate change and what one can do; e.g. replace fossil fuel energy which produce greenhouse gases with solar electricity or wind power. |
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Environmental justice
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the fair and equitable treatment
of all people regarding environmental issues |
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(EJ) The ________are
exposed to more pollution, hazards, and environmental degradation |
poor and minorities
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1980 – protest in Warren
County |
N.C, against a toxic
waste dump • Site had highest percent of African Americans |
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1983 – US General study
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3 out of 4 toxic waste landfills
occur more in racial minority areas- southeastern US |
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Environmental justice and Native Americans
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• From 1948 to the 1960s,
Navajo miners were not warned of radiation risks, nor provided protection by the industry or the U.S. government • Navajo families built homes and ovens with the waste rock • Lung cancer appeared in Navajo in 1960 • Scientific studies of radiation effects on miners excluded Navajo • Only included whites |
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Radiation Exposure Compensation Act – 1990
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federal
law; compensated Navajo workers |
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Economics
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studies how people use scarce resources to
provide goods and services in the face of demand for them |
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Environmental problems are ...
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economic problems
• Can intensify population and consumption increase • E.g. pollution is viewed as depletion of the scarce resource – clean air, water, soil • Most environmental and economic problems are linked |
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Government intervenes in an economy
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• Eliminate unfair advantages – by single
buyers or sellers • Provide social services – national defense, medical care, education • Provide safety nets – for the elderly, natural disasters • Manage the commons • Manage pollution |
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Conventional view of economics
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• Conventional
economics focuses on production and consumption • Ignores the environment • The environment is an external “factor of production” |
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Human _____ exist
within, and depend on, the environment |
economies
• Without natural resources, there would be no economies |
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Ecosystem services
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essential services support the life
that makes economic activities possible |
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List of Ecosystem services
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*Soil formation *Pollination
*Water purification *Nutrient cycling *Climate regulation *Waste treatment |
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Economic activities affect the environment
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Deplete natural resources
• Produce too much pollution • Both results in degradation of the ability of the ecological system to function |
