Environmental Science

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The term environment has been coined from the __ which means

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From the French term 'environner' meaning "to surround"

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It includes anything found near or where the organism is

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Environment

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2 other definitions of environment

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1. The circumstances and conditions that surround an organism or a group of organisms

2. The social and cultural conditions that affect an individual or a community

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Is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it

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Environmental science

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What does mission-oriented mean?

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We all have a responsibility to get involved and try to do something about the problems we have created

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Environmental issues from a human perspective involve concerns about (9)

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1. Science

2. Nature

3. Health

4. Employment

5. Profits

6. Politics

7. Ethics

8. Economics

9. Other considerations

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What is the goal of environmental science?

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To develop solutions to environmental problems

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The important function of environmental science

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Ecology

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Study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment

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Ecology

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5 major fields of study that contribute to environmental science

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1. Biology (Ecology, zoology & botany)

2. Earth science (Geology & climatology)

3. Physics (Engineering)

4. Chemistry (Biochemistry & geochemistry)

5. Social sciences (Geography, anthropology & economics)

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Are closely related disciplines

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Ecology and environmental science

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Main difference between ecology and environmental science

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Environmental science - more overarching field

Ecology - how organisms interact

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What is humanity's challenge?

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To develop solutions that further our quality of life while protecting and restoring the environment

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Is using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources

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Sustainable development

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Author of the book Silent Spring

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Rachel Carson

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What is in the book Silent Spring?

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She cautioned about the use of pesticides and DDT

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The mother of environmental science movement

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Rachel Carson

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7 environmental principles that have been adopted from the four laws of ecology by Barry Commoner

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1. Nature knows best

2. All forms of life are equally important

3. Everything is interconnected

4. Everything changes

5. Everything must go somewhere

6. Ours is a finite earth

7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation

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4 laws of ecology

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1. Everything is connected to everything else

2. Everything must go somewhere

3. Nature knows best

4. There is no such thing as a free lunch

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5 steps in scientific method

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1. Identify the problem

2. Make a hypothesis

3. Perform an experiment

4. Organize and analyze data

5. Draw a conclusion or generalization

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Is a flexible framework that can be used to assist decision-makers in many steps of the decision process

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DPSIR framework

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Looks into how the natural world works

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Environmental science

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The organized efforts to teach how natural environment functions

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Environmental education

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Process by which people develop awareness, concern and knowledge of the environment and learn to use this understanding to preserve, conserve and utilize the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of present and future generations

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Environmental education

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4 conditions in the environment that surround living organisms

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1. Climate

2. Air and water quality

3. Soil and landforms

4. Presence of other living organisms

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A community decides to use coal for electricity, as it is the cheapest source available

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Economics

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The coal must be mined from under the soil

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Geology

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The coal must be transported to the population center by road or rail

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Engineering

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When it is burned at a power plant, air pollution is released. Some of that pollution is converted to acid in the atmosphere

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Chemistry

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This falls as acid rain somewhere downwind

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Meteorology

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The acid stresses plants by affecting their nutrient absorption

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Ecology

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Laws are passed requiring the plant to install pollution scrubbers

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Politics

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It seeks to define what is right and what is wrong

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Ethics

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The word bioethics came from two Greek words...

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bios meaning life and ethicos meaning good or bad, right or wrong

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Deal with the ethical problems of life and also death since death is a function of life

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Bioethics

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Can be replenished within a human lifetime

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Renewable resources

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Example of renewable resources

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Timber and water

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Is replenished extremely slowly

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Nonrenewable resources

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Examples of nonrenewable resources

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Coal, oil and minerals

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Is a degradation or an undesired change in air, water or soil that affects the health of living things

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Pollution

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Will break down naturally over time

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Biodegradable pollution

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Does not break down

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Nondegradable pollution

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Is the number of different species present in one specific ecosystem

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Biodiversity

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Is a natural event that can be accelerated by human actions

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Extinction or complete loss of species

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Extinctions normally occur at a pretty slow rate

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Background rate

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What is the normal background rate?

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1 every 200 years

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Is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings to the environment

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Environmental ethics

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Literally means "human-centered"

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Anthropocentrism

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This set of ethics protects and promotes of human interests or well-being at the expense of all other factors

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Anthropocentrism

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Often places an emphasis on short-term benefits while disregarding long-term consequences

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Anthropocentrism

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Believe that nature deserves to exist for its own sake regardless of degree of usefulness to humans

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Ecocentrists

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Is a multidisciplinary approach that brings about an appreciation of our natural world and human impacts on its integrity

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Environmental studies

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Explores issues and problems over the entire world, not just within the local community

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Global environmentalism

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Differences between anthropocentrism, ecocentrism and biocentrism

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...

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A public awakening to threats of pollution and toxic chemicals to humans as well as other species

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Modern environmentalism

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Is an area that belongs to no individual; it is shared by the entire society

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Commons

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Describes the likeliness of a commons area being exploited for short-term economic gain

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Tragedy of the Commons

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2 ways to look up ethics

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1. Bottom-up approach

2. Pluralist approach

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Context subjected to theories

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Bottom-up approach

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Interdisciplinary approach

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Pluralist approach

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Do not know what is right or wrong. They try to find out what is right or wrong

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Ethicists

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Is one measurement of a person's resource use

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Ecological footprint

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Is when human needs are met so that the population can survive indefinitely

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Sustainability

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Nothing enters or leaves the Earth in large quantities

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Closed system

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5 possible sources of justification

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1. Religion

2. Nature

3. Tradition/Culture

4. Emotion

5. Reason

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4 kinds of justification

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1. Religion

2. Emotion

3. Convention

4. Tradition

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12 organization of life

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1. Cell

2. Tissue

3. Organ

4. Organ system

5. Organism

6. Population

7. Communities

8. Ecosystem

9. Landscapes

10. Biomes

11. Biosphere

12. Earth

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Aggregation of different species or populations

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Communities

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Subsystems open

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Isolated system

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Energy comes in and matter goes out

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Open system

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Earth matter can not go out

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Closed system

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Refers to the organizational structure of the system emphasizing on the organisms species composition and patterns of distribution in time and space

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Ecosystem structure

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3 examples of biotic components

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1. Producers

2. Consumers

3. Decomposers

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Abiotic components include (2)

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Climatic and edaphic factors

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The strength of the interactions among the parts of the system

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Integration

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How many kinds of parts a system has

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Complexity

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Is a network of interdependent components and processes

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System

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Events that destabilize or change the system and might cause population fluctuations

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Disturbances

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A circular chain of effects that increases change

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Positive feedback

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A circular chain of effects that opposes change

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Negative feedback

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Who introduced the word 'ecosystem'?

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British ecologist Sir Arthur Tansley

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Interbreeding group of organisms of the same species within a restricted area

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Population

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Number of individuals in a population

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Population size

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Number of individuals per unit area

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Population density

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Arrangement of individuals in terms of space

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Population dispersion pattern

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Equally spaced

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Uniform/even

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Most common of dispersion pattern

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Clumped

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In groups

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Clumped

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Spaced in unpredictable way

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Randomly distributed

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Determined by distinguishing the age of the population

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Age structure

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4 population structure

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1. Population size

2. Population density

3. Population dispersion patter

4. Age structure

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3 age groups of a population

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1. Pre-reproductive

2. Reproductive

3. Post reproductive

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4 population dynamics

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1. Natality rate

2. Mortality rate

3. Survivorship rate

4. Growth rate

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Is the product of the process of fertility, mortality and migration

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Population structure

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Is the relationship between the working or economically active population and the non-working population

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Dependency ratio

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Is the number of males per 1,000 females in a population

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Sex structure

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2 strategies in reproduction

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1. K-selected strategy

2. r-selected strategy

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Organisms that produce less since there is lesser mortality

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K-selected strategy

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Produce a lot since most die

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R-selected strategy

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Rate by which new individuals are added/born

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Natality rate

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Refers to the death rate

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Mortality rate

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Individuals that persist or survive per unit time

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Survivorship rate

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3 survivorship rate

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1. Concave survivorship curve

2. Convex survivorship curve

3. Stair-step survivorship curve

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Several of the young die before reaching the adult stage

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Concave survivorship curve

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More young would grow into adults so there is high survival of young individuals

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Convex survivorship curve

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Survival rate undergoes sharp changes in transition from one life history stage to another

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Stair-step survivorship curve

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Changes in the number of individuals in a certain period of time

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Growth rate

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2 population growth patterns

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1. Exponential growth curve

2. Logistic growth curve

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Also known as J-shape growth curve

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Exponential growth curve

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Population grows exponentially until such time that it suddenly decreases

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Exponential growth curve

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Also known as S-shape or Sigmoid growth curve

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Logistic growth curve

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3 population movement

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1. Emigration

2. Immigration

3. Migration

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Movement of individuals into or out of a population area

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Population movement

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One-way movement of a population out of a particular area

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Emigration

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One-way movement of individuals into or inside an area

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Immigration

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Movement of group of individuals into and out of an area

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Migration

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States that the number of individuals in a population increases, or as population decreases, survival and reproduction also increase

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Allee's law or Allee's Principle

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7 population interaction in an ecosystem

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1. Mutualism

2. Commensalism

3. Herbivory

4. Competition

5. Predation

6. Parasitism

7. Amensalism

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Entails a "win-win" symbiotic interaction

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Mutualism

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One organism is benefited while the other organism is not affected

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Commensalism

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Two organisms fight or compete for same limited resource

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Competition

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One organism is inhibited or destroyed while other organism remains unaffected

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Amensalism