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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ikeme, 2003 |
Env justice relates to the different exposure of social groups to env risks |
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Mitchell et al, 2003 |
Env justice relates to whether minority groups bear disproportionate burden of env risks |
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Been, 1993 |
Calls for env justice are essentially calls for equality |
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Lazarus, 1994 |
Env justice aims to fix current and future injustice in the distribution of env costs and benefits |
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Bullard, 1999 |
Env justice aims to eliminate unfair, unjust and unequal conditions and decision (procedures) |
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Schlosberg, 2007 |
Past decades - justice has been defined almost exclusively as a question of the equity in distribution of social goods Sole emphasis on distribution is being challenged (e.g. by Marion Young) Env justice needs to be pluralist and comprehensive (need distribution, procedural AND recognition) |
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Rawls, 1971 |
Justice is the first virtue of social institutions |
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Omer et al, 2005 |
Distribution of goods/resources reflects power relations in society |
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Utilitarianism |
18th C: max. pleasure for max. people Bentham, 1700s, welfarist (individual well-being) Systematic disadvantage of minorities (Other social justice theories?) |
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Causes of unfair distribution? |
Intentional racism Minority move-in/white flight Institutional racism Market principles |
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Priestly, 2005 |
Disability is the result of social structures, not the inevitable result of biology |
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Charles et al, 2007 |
Deafhood is categorised as a disability (with accompanying social perceptions), even if deaf people may not consider it as such |
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Ismail et al, 2008 |
It is a minimum condition of democratic society that people have access to info that affects their lives and can make informed decision |
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Imrie, 2000 |
Society's values categorise disability as different and usually inferior to the rest of society |
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Cutter et al, 2003 |
Invisibility of disabled people in society |
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Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors |
Greenspace/Recognition |
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Burton et al, 2006 |
Uneven paving creates a barrier for people of less mobility (Disability is created by society) |
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Nancy Fraser, 2003 |
Any claim for social justice is a claim for redistribution or recognition |
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Young, 1998 |
It is an injustice to impose a risk on someone without their participation |
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Vanderheiden, 2008 |
Everyone who is affected by a decision should have the right to participate in its making |
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Buckingham, 2009 |
Masculinist bias in env campaigning Assuming women have an essential biology reduces them in a way that would be unacceptable if concerned with other social minorities Globally women are disproportionately disadvantaged by environmental hazard situations |
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Francoise d'eaubonne, 1974 |
Ecofeminism: cultural(essentialist)/social(constructionist) |
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Jain, 1984 |
Chipko movement: women were more directly affected by deforestation and so had a better understanding of the importance of maintaining the ecological balance |
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Leach, 2007 |
Chipko: Not evidence of women's closer relationship to nature, but of their struggle over unequal resources and limited opportunities Cannot deny the image/reality of the water-carrying woman, but can place it in its specific context Gender/env relations are dynamic and contextual, so we should avoid universalims and essentialisms Critiques seeing women as a homogenous group |
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Jackson, 1993 |
Women's involvement in env activism is complex and multifaceted: one woman's involvement is not representative of all women |
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Fuchs, 2009 |
Vulnerability is the potential of society to be harmed Vulnerability has a social character and is not limited to physical damage or demographic determinants |
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Yarnal, 2007 |
Vulnerability is the likelihood of harm to people, places and the things that they value |
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Cutter et al, 2003 |
Vulnerability is the potential for loss Social determinants of vulnerability: Access to info Access to political representation Physical frailty Customs/beliefs Type of infrastructure |
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Allen, 2003 |
Vulnerability = Socio-economic factors determining ability to cope with stress or change |
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Adger, 1999 |
Vulnerability = Ability to anticipate, cope with and respond to a natural disaster |
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Wisner, 2000 |
Weaker economies and political structures are less able to cope with stress |
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King et al, 2000 |
Social groups associated with higher vulnerability: Old/young Disabled Single parent households Migrants/newcomers Those less able to communicate Low income earners |
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Rapport et al, 1998 |
Vulnerability can be measured by the attitudes and values of a society (Traditional beliefs?) |
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Cannon, 2008 |
Vulnerability is often associated with passivity and victimhood, but the term should be predictive, identifying causes and capabilities |
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Social components of vulnerability |
Livelihoods, well-being, self-protection, social protection, governance |
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Nepal Earthquake |
Physical vulnerability: Indian/Eurasian plates (high seismic activity) Steep slopes (landslides) Clay soil (liquefaction) Social vulnerability: One of poorest countries in the world (lowers ad. cap.) Densely populated (1m people in Kathmandu) - result of rapid urbanisation, rural to urban migration, meaning rapid unregulated construction = Poor building standards Cultural: bottom floors of buildings open so merchants can sell wares (=unstable) Buildings tall and thin - Nepalese culture of dividing buildings vertically Destruction of earthquake was predicted |
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Walker, 2012 |
Procedural justice: 1. Access to information 2. Access to decision-making process 3. Ability to question/challenge decision 4. Inclusion of locals and experts |
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Shrader-Frechette, 2002 |
All humans have the same capacity for happiness Rational people agree to political equality Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality |
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Bickerstaff et al, 2005 |
Power inequalities map onto processes of participation, so the extent to which you can have an open and honest debate in that fora is limited |
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Mosse, 2001 |
Participatory methods have only token value: they signal good decision-making but have little real influence |
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Forms of democracy |
Direct Representative Deliberative |
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Paavola, 2005 |
The legitimacy of environmental decisions must rest at least partially on procedural justice |
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Hunold et al, 1998
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Limiting notions of justice merely to distributional does not address the justice issues of procedures used for deciding such distributions |
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Habermasian ideal |
All interests represented and all stakeholders equally and fully informed |
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Alex Honneth |
The psychological impact of mis-recognition (Ingrid Pollard) |
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Yenneti, 2014 |
Gujarat Solar Park Local people poorly recognised: information provided in an unsuitable format |
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Kaswan, 2003 |
Distributional justice focuses on whether environmental benefits and burdens are distributed equitably It is important to note that distributive justice focuses on outcomes rather than the causes of these outcomes |
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Kolm, 1996 |
Distributive justice relates to the beneficial and adverse consequences of a decision |
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Mohai, 1992 |
Women generally exhibit greater concern for the environment but lesser involvement in activism |
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Tindall et al, 2003 |
Women's lesser involvement in activism could be explained by their lack of resources or their greater time spent at home |
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Momsen, 2000 |
In all societies gender roles are changing: home/work is no longer gender specific, and so the argument of women as having caregiving roles is less persuasive |
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Steady, 1998 |
Men and women do interact with their environments differently, but this is due to structural disadvantage (not biology) |
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Sneddon et al, 2008 |
Procedural injustice: Study of Thai/Mozambic dams, decision was made to focus on hydroelectric and irrigation potential rather than river-based livelihood projects. This decision was made by global financiers, dev agents, govt officials and engineers: i.e. EXPERTS without local input |
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Rocheleau et al, 2013 |
Feminist political ecology: treats gender as a critical variable in shaping resource access and control, interacting with other variables |
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Jarosz, 2001 |
Gendered identities are shaped by power relations and social inequalities |
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Rubber Tappers' Union |
Xapuri, Brazil: Chico Mendes, 1975 Women's involvement is critical: boosting numbers, domestic role, but also front line at empates (mediators/peace keepers) Women's role undervalued, gone largely unrecognised Power inequalities: men heads of households, formal representatives and control resources/goods |
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Holling, 1973 |
Resilience: The ability for an ecosystem to absorb changes and still persist, to recover quickly |
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Defeis, 1999 |
Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 EU has an obligation to eliminate inequalities and advocate equality between men and women |
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Equality Act, 2010 |
Protected characteristics Cannot discriminate in employment on the basis of gender, sex, pregnancy/maternity |
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Tallis et al, 2014 |
Conservation discussion is dominated by male voices, illustrative of wider issues of gender bias |
