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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Risk |
chance of something bad happening |
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Voluntary vs Involuntary risk |
Voluntary risk: a risk deliberately taken at individual level Involuntary risk: risk out of ones control |
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Hazard |
source of environmental damage |
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Exposure |
pathways between source of damage and the affected population |
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Risk Assessment |
qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to health or the ecology by an environmental hazard. |
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Hazard Identification |
scientific analysis to determine whether a casual relationship exist between a pollutant and any adverse effects. |
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Dose-response relationship |
a quantitative relationship between doses of a contaminant and the corresponding reactions. |
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Threshold |
The level of exposure to a hazard up to which no response exists |
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Exposure Assessment |
measures the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure, pathways and routes, and sensitivities. |
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Risk Characteristics |
Description of expected risk, ow the risk was assessed, and areas in need of policy decisions. |
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Problem Formulation |
identifies the ecological entity that is potentially at risk |
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Analysis Phase |
identifies info to predict ecological responses to environmental hazards under various exposure conditions. |
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"acceptable" risk |
amount of risk determined to be tolerable for society. |
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de minimis Risk |
a negligible level of risk such that reducing it further would not justify the associated costs |
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Risk-benefit Analysis |
an assessment to risks of a hazard along with the benefits to society of not regulating that hazard. |
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Benefit-Cost Analysis |
a strategy that compares MSB and MSC |
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User Value |
benefit derived from physical use of or access to an environmental good |
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Existence Value |
benefit received from the continuance of an environmental good |
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Direct User Value |
benefit derived from directly consuming services provided by an environmental good |
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Indirect User Value |
benefit form indirect consumption of environmental good |
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Vicarious Consumption |
Utility associated with knowing that others benefit from an environmental good. |
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Stewardship |
Sense of obligation to preserve the environment for future generations |
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Physical Linkage Approach |
estimates benefits based on a technical relationship between an environment resource and the user of that resource |
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Behavioral Linkage Approach |
estimates benefits using observations of behavior in actual markets or survey responses about hypothetical markets |
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Damage Function Model |
Models the relationship between a contaminant and its observed effects to estimate damage reductions arising from policy. |
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(CVM) Contingent Valuation Method |
uses surveys to elicit responses about WTP for environmental quality based on hypothetical market conditions. |
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(AEM) Averting Expenditure Method |
Estimates benefits as the change in spending on goods that are substitutes for a cleaner environment. |
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Travel Cost Method |
Values benefit by using the complementary relationship between the quality of a natural resource and its recreational use value. |
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(HPM) Hedonic Price Method |
uses the estimated hedonic price of an environmental attribute to value a policy-driven improvement. |