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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Facilitation Succession
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The process by which the plants that come in facilitate the growth of the next plants
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Inhibition Succession
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When one plant colonizes an area so well that they resist the invasion of other species in later stage
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Tolerance Succession
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Disorderly succession like when the wind blows seeds around causing plants to grow randomly
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Primary Succession
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Starting from no soil, bare rock
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Secondary Succession
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Some kind of soil, could be released nutrients from a fire. Usually after a prior ecosystem has been reduced by some event
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Facilitation Succession
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The process by which the plants that come in facilitate the growth of the next plants
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Inhibition Succession
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When one plant colonizes an area so well that they resist the invasion of other species in later stage
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Tolerance Succession
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Disorderly succession like when the wind blows seeds around causing plants to grow randomly
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Primary Succession
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Starting from no soil, bare rock
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Secondary Succession
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Some kind of soil, could be released nutrients from a fire. Usually after a prior ecosystem has been reduced by some event
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Succession from pasture
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When trees (like fruit trees) come in after being a pasture
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Succession from tilled land
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Takes longer to succeed because the soil has been damaged, usually has pits and mounds.
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Climatic Climax
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Climate affects which plants can grow where.
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Pulse Climax
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Climax maintained by a regular disturbance such as mowing the lawn
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Edaphic Climx
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When soil is the determining factor for which vegetation grows where
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Legume
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A nitrogen fixing plant!
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Crown Vetch
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Pink flowers, can be invasive. A kind of legume
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Autumn Olive
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Invasive, birds eat the fruit
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Honeysuckle
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Brings birds, invasive
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Gray Dogwood
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Inhibits succession, red stems, it has fruit
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What is the order of soil horizons?
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O, A, B, C
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What is O horizon?
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The layer known as humus, it has large amounts of organic matter in a variety of different decomposition stages. Many decomposers
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What is A?
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Topsoil layer which usually has clay or sand. The soil moisture carrying nutrients is brought up by roots. The most biological activity is here.
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What is B?
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Is the subsoil layer and contains concentrations of clay. It is lighter usually and smaller particles. Organic matter gets thru by leaching.
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What is C?
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The parent material, can attach to bedrock, bigger particles. Less water absorption
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Hummus
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Broken down detritus, dark black and mixes with A.
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Glacial Till
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The left over particles from glaciers, variable in size. Usually dense.
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Soil Structure
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How soil feels, what it is made of
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Alfisol
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The oldest type of soil, ideal soil straitification
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Inceptisol
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Younger soil
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Acidity
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A forest is about a 5P. Rain leeches out acidity
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Detritus
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Leaf litter
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Earthworms
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Are not native, invasive, and change the soil structure
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Mycorrhizae
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Is fungi attached to roots, A and O horizon
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Fragipan
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Is made from altered parent material, doesn't absorb water well and is very hard
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Nitrification
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Oxidation of Ammonia into nitrites then nitrates
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Bioaccumulation
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The buildup if toxic material in an organism. It gets higher with each trophic layer
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Symbiosis
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How species interact
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What causes nitrogen fixation?
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Legumes, microorganisms, termites, cyanobacteria, diazotrophs
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Lichens
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Are composite organims that consist of a symbiotic assoc. of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner
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Taiga
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A coniferous forest that covers most of Alaska, Russia, Canada, Sweden etc.
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Ammonification
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When nitrogen compounds found in wastes are broken down into smaller NH3 by decomposers
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Denitrification
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Specialized bacteria in the soil converts NH3 and Nh4 back into nitrite and nitrate ions, then released back into atmosphere
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Which cycle does not include the atmosphere?
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The phosphorus cycle
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Without this it can limit plant growth
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Phosphorus is a limiting factor
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Bio concentration or magnification
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When toxic levels of poison build up in organisms. It gets higher with each trophic level. Some chemicals are fat soluble thus high levels of poison concentrate there
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Sustainable Yield
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The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be use indefinitely without depleting its available supply
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Is surrounded by a membrane, has a nucleus, and other organelles.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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A cell with a membrane but w/out a nucleus and organelles. Bacteria consist of this
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Negative Feedback
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one action which results in less than the original source
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Any system that tends to stable is dominated by ____ feedback and any system which is unstable is dominated by ____feedback
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Negative, positive
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Methane is __ times as potent as CO2
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twenty
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State the 1st law of thermodynamics
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You can convert energy from one form to another
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State the 2nd law
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It can be converted but every time you do this some of the energy goes off into a form that cannot be used
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Is the earth opened or closed system?
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Basically an open system: solar energy in, converted, lower grade energy out.
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What do the leaves of eastern hemlocks look like?
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A type of conifer, so needle leaves that come out in little branches
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What do the leaves of white pine look like?
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Needles are soft and blue green. Long needles
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What do the leaves of Sugar maples look like?
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The leaves have five separated lobes veined, they turn colors in the fall. Notches are rounded toward the base. Wider than red maples
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What do the leaves of red maples look like?
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Has three terminal lobes, turns a brilliant red in the fall
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What do the leaves of bigtoothed or quaking aspens look like?
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Oval shaped leaves, light green
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What do the leaves of eastern hemlocks look like?
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A type of conifer, so needle leaves that come out in little branches
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What do the leaves of white pine look like?
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Needles are soft and blue green. Long needles
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What do the leaves of Sugar maples look like?
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The leaves have five separated lobes veined, they turn colors in the fall. Notches are rounded toward the base. Wider than red maples
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What do the leaves of red maples look like?
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Has three terminal lobes, turns a brilliant red in the fall
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What do the leaves of bigtoothed or quaking aspens look like?
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Oval shaped leaves, light green. Yet this shape leaf is a big rounded at the base, toothed.
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What do the leaves of white ash look like?
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A stem with three smaller leaves on each side then one sticking out on the end. Veined
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What do the leaves of sweet birch look like?
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The wide oval shaped leaves are deeply serated margin
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What do the leaves of red oak look like?
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7-9 lobed, with bristled edges, lobes less deeply cut than other oaks
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What do the leaves of white oak look like?
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Variably lobed but rounded at the end
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What do the leaves of American Beech look like?
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Oblong shaped with teeth on the edges
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What do the leaves of chestnut oak look like?
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Oval shaped but get wider toward tip, thin, with combed edges.
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Symbiosis or mutualism
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When two species interact and they both benefit
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Equation for growth rate
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change in N = rN
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What do many diseases start from?
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Many diseases are a predator/prey relationship then turn into a parasitic one because the organism gets more from the host over a longer period of time
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Flood storage
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A wetland is in a place like a valley that the soil is permeable to water and holds it. It discharges h2o slowly
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Groundwater recharge
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is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface.
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Sediment Control
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Sediments that runoff are retained by the wetland
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Pollution
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As water slowly percolates through the wetland it gets rid of pollutants, purifying the water
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Soil of wetland
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Is gray color because the soil doesnt have oxidized iron in it. The water pushes out oxygen, the anaerobic soil limits which plants can grow there, many have spongy stems
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The use of phosphorus
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Dissolved phosphorus is absorbed by plants, eaten by consumers, then detritus feeders. An energy molecule
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