Env. Occ Health Midterm

Front 1

The study of disease rates in human populations w/ and w/o exposure to chemical under study

Back 1

Epidemiology

Front 2

What studies the adverse responses in biological systems caused by physical or chemical agents ?

Back 2

Toxicology

Front 3

What are the two basic functions of toxicology?

Back 3

1. Assess the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse effects

2. Study the nature & mechanisms of adverse effects

Front 4

What is NOAEL?

Back 4

No Observed Adverse Effect Level

The highest dose administered that does not produce a statistical significant increase in adverse effect

Front 5

What is LOAEL?

Back 5

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

The lowest dose tested which produces statistically significant increase in an adverse effect

Front 6

What does LCA stand for?

Back 6

Life Cycle Assessment

Front 7

Why is LCA important in alternative energy decisions?

Back 7

helps determine energy consumption and gas emission of each fuel

Front 8

What are the 5 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment?

Back 8

1. Raw Material Acquisitions-> trees, log

2. Material Manufacture -> paper mill breaks down to pulp

3. Produce Manufacture ->form and stamp bags

4. Product Use -> use in grocery store

5. Product Disposal -> recycle or throw in trash

Front 9

Each phase of the life cycle assessment uses ___, __, and______.

Back 9

Water, minerals and energy

Front 10

LCA gives off ___, _______, and waste water.

Back 10

Air emissions, solid waste

Front 11

How is public health influence by climate change?

Back 11

more asthma, more allergens, spread of vector born diseases, heat stress, coastal floods, water/food shortage,extinctions, violent weather

Front 12

What is the current temp of earth and CO2 cap agreed by developed nations?

Back 12

Currently 1 degree Celsius

Developed Countries suggest 2 degree Celsius as cap

Front 13

What is the current CO2 concetration?

Back 13

~400 ppm

Front 14

What was the CO2 concentration in pre-industrial times?

Back 14

~300ppm

Front 15

What are the 3 greenhouse gases?

Back 15

CO2( carbon dioxide), methane ( CH4), Nitrous Oxide ( N2O)

Front 16

What are greenhouse gases influence on climate change?

Back 16

greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming ( short wave) radiation from the sun, but block infrared ( long wave) radiation from leaving the earth's atmosphere.

Front 17

" incoming solar radiation comes in through transmission window, outgoing energy is blocked"

Back 17

Greenhouse effect

Front 18

How does mercury go through the environment?

Back 18

- mercury (hg) vapor ( from coal burning

-bioacumilates in organisms ( fish take in mercury but do not let it out)

-biomagnifies up the food chain- big fish eat little fish

Hg is a nuerotoxin

Front 19

True or False" Trophspeheric ozone layer is bad

Back 19

True

Front 20

Why is stratospheric ozone good?

Back 20

natural ozone layer protects us from UV rays ( skin Cancer)

Front 21

What causes stratospheric ozone to thin?

Back 21

CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) aka Freon

Front 22

When were CFC's banned?

Back 22

1987

Front 23

___ is the skin cancer capital of the world, rising to 50% in 10 years.

Back 23

Australia

Front 24

" Greatest public health threat humanity ever faced"

Back 24

Climate Change

Front 25

What are the pros of nuclear energy?

Back 25

no emissions

no greenhouse gas emission ( no climate change)

Front 26

What are the cons of nuclear energy?

Back 26

nuclear waste

nuclear meltdown of facility

increase in fatalities

Front 27

How is water used in a nuclear plant?

Back 27

Water is boiled and steamed

Steam turns a turbine which then turns a generator

cooling systems are required to cool the back to water

Front 28

How much of US energy is fossil fuels?

Back 28

83%

Front 29

When did global oil peak?

Back 29

1962

Front 30

How many barrels of oil does US consume in a day?

Back 30

20 million barrels/day

Front 31

What are the pros of solar energy?

Back 31

more solar energy than we need for electricity

-abundance of solar energy is almost unlimited

-huge price drop in solar energy

Front 32

What are the cons of solar energy?

Back 32

environmental issues can kill solar projects if water use is to high or endangered species

- requires lots of land usage

Front 33

Solar energy works best if ___,______, and ______.

Back 33

high solar source, high electricity cost, and state incentives

Front 34

How is petroleum used?

Back 34

For transportation ( nearly 100% is dependent on oil)

Front 35

What are the 4 steps of Risk Assessment?

Back 35

1. Hazard Identification - What adverse effect?

2. Dose-response evaluation- how much does it take for adverse effect?

3. Exposure Assessment- How much do ppl take in?

4. Risk Characterizations- estimate the magnitude of risk and uncertainty

Front 36

Describe chemical absorption:

Back 36

agent must cross cellular barriers

Front 37

What are 3 examples of chemical absorption?

Back 37

Dermal (skin)

GI tract ( ingestion)

inhalation ( lungs)

Front 38

Describe distribution:

Back 38

compound partitions to various body compartments

Front 39

Examples of distribution:

Back 39

-blood and plasma

-specific organs

-fat

-other tissues ( bones etc.)

Front 40

describe elimination:

Back 40

agent leaves the body

Front 41

examples of elimination:

Back 41

-lung (exhalation)

-kidney ( irine)

-liver ( feces)

others ( nails, hair, sweat)