Ens 200 Test 1

Front 1

Cornucopianism

Back 1

Julian Simon
earth is a horn of plenty; Moderate pop growth is good. More human brains can solve any environmental problem

Front 2

Ecofeminism

Back 2

environmental problems caused by patriarchy; earth is mother & women have special affinity for earth; Concerned w/ environmental issues that esp affect women (e.g., having healthy food for their children, having clean water since they fetch the water, having forests since they cut the fuelwood.

Front 3

Post-Industrialists

Back 3

The current reality of industrialization is a huge drain on the environment; it isn't a good thing to expand polluting industry to the poorer parts of the world; we need to rethink the way that we manufacture products.

Front 4

Managerialists/Technical fixers

Back 4

Kentucky's environmental regulatory program, US EPA, most govt agencies. One protects the environment most effectively via laws, regs, and administrative oversight.

Front 5

Deep Ecology

Back 5

Arne Naess in 1973; advocates an ecocentric perspective rather than an anthropocentric one; everything has a right to be here and to be appreciated whether that thing (flora, fauna, inanimate object) serves human needs or not.

Front 6

Gaia (Earth) Hypothesis

Back 6

James Lovelock, early 1970s, postulated that earth is a superorganism; as an organism, the earth will do whatever it needs to do to survive; if something (say, humans) disrupt it and cause it problems, then they'll have to go.

Front 7

Envrionmental Architecture/Planning

Back 7

Human behavior an be directed through good building design and via beauty; Frederick Law Olmstead's parks (Cherokee, Iroquois, Shawnee) in Louisville are an example of beauty that may encourage people to act in an environmentally sound manner; the Neo-traditional neighborhoods (w/ mixed housing, shops nearby, walking trails, common areas, so forth) are built to encourage environmental stewardship.

Front 8

Marxist

Back 8

Environmental degradation is a result of replacing labor (people's work) w/ capital (machines and technology)

Front 9

Anarchist/Utopianism

Back 9

Amory Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, is a proponent.
Focuses on govt structure and bureaucracy as being at the crux of much of the environmental degradation; necessary for societies to decentralize; small towns and villages would generate their own power, make their own decisions about the environment and so on

Front 10

Market-based Approaches

Back 10

Price tag can be put on environmental amenities, pollutants, etc. Pollution credits are an example …. E.g., efficient coal-fired power plant that emits less carbon dioxide than it could under regs is able to sell its extra emissions to a less efficient plant. Under Kyoto, Russia has extra - b/c economy declined

Front 11

Sociobiology/Authoritarian Ecology

Back 11

Sometimes called Social Darwinism (but should be called Social Spencerianism - b/c Darwin talked about natural selection, not survival of the fittest); idea here is that survival of the fittest is key to environmental protection; the reasoning goes, as in "Lifeboat Ethics" (Garrett Hardin) that there's just not enough room for all of us; some will have to be pushed off the lifeboat - starve, etc. That's just the way it is.

Front 12

Institutional Reform

Back 12

Proponents include Gro Brundtland and Al Gore (see Earth in the Balance).
Environmental degradation is a result of inequity between north and south.

Front 13

Environmental Keynesianism

Back 13

1944, Allied powers met in Bretton Woods to design the world's post WWII economy. John Maynard Keynes was the brain behind the conference. Parts of his idea was that, for economic stability, the world community should work toward full employment. This idea is an extension of that philosophy. To solve environmental problems, we need to set people to work helping the envr (building fish ladders, maintaining trails, planting trees, etc.).

Front 14

Limits to Growth

Back 14

In the early 1970s, this idea was actually quite controversial; associated with Meadows; the Club of Rome published a book by this title that quantified envr degradation and advocated a "purely" scientific approach to public policy.