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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Francis Bacon
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-English politician and author
-Died while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat -Early propogandist for the experimental method -Contribution to formalize the emperical method into the General Theory of Inductive Reasoning known as Empiricism -Helped provide new justification for private/public support of scientifc theory -showed the limitations of antitheoretical empiricism |
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Rene Descartes
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-French mathematician, scientist, philosopher
-first major philosopher to attempt to defeat skepticism -wrote Rules for the Direction of Mind, published in 1701 -Had confrontation with Chandoux; he believes certainty could only serve as basis for knowledge -Writes The World in Holland; supports Copernicanism -Cartesian Geometry is founded by him, connecting algebra and geometry -publishes Discourse on Method, Meditations on First Philosophy, The Principles of Philosophy -Supported Deductive Reasoning |
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Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
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-"Father of Microbiology"
-learned to grind lenses and make simple microscopes -made first microscope in 1653 -Microscopes produce clearer/brighter images than others -Names microorganisms, animalcules -First to observe protists, bacteria, spermatozoa, muscle fibers -met William of Orange to discuss plan biology -explained circulation and microbiology to Peter the Great |
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Baron de Montesquieu
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-Most famous work, On The Spirit of Laws
-Born in Bordeaux, France -had idea of dividing government, Separation of Powers -influenced U.S. Constitution -wrote Persian Letters -Limiting power of government, Checks and Balances -Believed in 3 part government |
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Leonhard Euler
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-renowned mathematician
-became blind in both eyes from an infection and a cataract -won Paris Acadmey Prize Problem 12 times -introduced F(x)=y; e; Summations; modern trig notations (unit circle); i for imaginary numbers; Euler's formula; and pie -wrote papers on functions and differential calculus, and other works in Calculus |
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John Locke
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-Was influenced by John Calvin
-believed in life, liberty, property -mind was a blank slate, Tabula Rasa -advocated astronomy, geography, anatamoy -Carolina Constitution served as model for American Constitution -First Treatise stated divine right of kings was unjust -father of liberalism -published Two Treatises of Government anonymously -influenced David Hume |
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Johannes Kepler
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-Wrote the Secret of the Universe
-published Astronomiae Pars Optica -discovers elliptical path of Mars, leads to 1st law of planetary motion -Astronomia Nova contains 1st and 2nd laws of planetary motion; Harmonic Mundi, contains the 3rd law -continued the work of Tycho Brahe -proved the truth of the Copernican theory of a sun-centered universe -first law:elliptical orbits -second law: velocity varies over the course of its orbit -third law:planets closer to the sun move faster than those further away |
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Tycho Brahe
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-Born in Denmark
-Lost part of his nose in a duel -Had his own island -Owned a dwarf -Had Europe's most advanced observatory -catalogued over 1000 stars in his life -His model of the universe had Earth at the Center; but other planets as satellites of the sun -his observation of a supernova and comet helped dismantle notion that the heavens were unchanging -first astonomer to account for atmospheric refraction -discovered new star in Cassiopeia formation -laid foundation for Kepler's laws of planetary motion |
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Nicholas Copernicus
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-worked on his astonomical studies in his spare time
-wanted to explain/glorify God's work -published On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres on his death bed for fear of charges of heresy -Copernican Theory=Earth and other planets revolve around sun; Heliocentric model |
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Voltaire
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-Influenced by Isaac Newton and John Locke
-imprisoned in the Bastille for 9 months -his satire, Cadide, attacked supersitition, religion, and war -defended freedom of religion, free speech, and right to fair trial -believed in deism -put faith in government called Enlightened monarchy -"I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" |
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Madame Geoffrin
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-had most famous salon
-salon:social gathering place where intellectuals could debate -created a salon schedule with specific topics and people invited for each day -created the 1 o'clock meal, so conversation could be held longer |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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-influenced by Voltaire
-believed legislative power belonged to people -influenced early romantic movement -believed civilization corrupted poeple -contributed the theory of general will -"man was born free, but he is everywhere in chains" -contributed popular soveriegnty -wrote Emile -was influenced by Diderot -attacked rationalism |
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Catherine the Great
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-Legislative Commission enforced proposal, The Instruction
-her nation was a threat to Austria as distburance of power in E. Europe -gave nobles complete control over their serfs -rule was called enlightened absolutism -sought to westernize nation -an agreement with Prussia and Austria gave them land in Poland -first husband, Peter |
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Issac Newton
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-born in England
-developed the binomial theorem -experimented with optics, light -found white light could be broken by a prism -built first reflecting telescope -worked at royal mint -wrote Principia -was knighted and buried in Westminster Abbey |
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Madame Du Chatelet
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-feminist of her day
-heavily influenced Voltaire; helped him hide in her husband's home -translated many books |
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Maria Theresa
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-Pragmatic Sanction allowed her to gain power over the Hapsburg lands
-only female ruler in the 650 years of the Habsburg dynasty -lost Silesa in War of Austrian Succession to Frederick II -issued robot patent -ruled for 40 years -lmiited power of papacy; revamped the tax system; reduced power of land lords over serfs -improved role of women |
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Paul d'Holbach
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-Philosopher and encyclopedist
-influenced Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Ben Franklin; Adam Smith -Wrote Christianity revealed;System of Nature; Common Snse -wrote books defending atheism -wrote/translated encyclopedia |
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Frederick the Great
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-Was a Calvinist
-wanted to modernize/unite Prussia -focused on the arts -was involved in the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War -won tremendous popularity -recieved portion of Poland called West Prussia -planted new crops; created modern bureaucracy -palace at Sanssouci |
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William Harvey
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-discovered blood circulation and modern theory of generation
-constant amount of blood circulated continuously from heart throughout the body and back to heart -blood travelled through veins in one direction -blood letting was counter effective -contributed to start of the science of embryology -used remains of executed criminals for research |
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Galileo Galilei
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-disproved Aristotle's views with falling bodies
-experimental method: what did happen vs. what should happen -telescope determined the lunar surface, craters, mountains, discovered 4 moons of jupiter -supported Copernicus so Catholic Church sent inquisition after him -Copernicus belief of heliocentri universe was heresy at time |
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Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
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-studied law, geology, chemistry
-liberal, supporting philosophes -member of the Farmers General: private taxation for crown -convicted of conspiracy against state -"the republic has no need of scientists" -death by guillotine -father of modern chemistry -oxygen into combustion -law of conservation of mass -Oxygen/CO2 -Metric System -Plaster of Paris -compounds/elements |
