Enlightenment And Scientific Revolution

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Nicholas Copernicus

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1453-1543 Polsih

He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere in which he argued for a heliocenteric universe.

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Galileo Galilei

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Italian

Argued the universe is influenced by mathematical law

Wrote Starry Messenger, Dialogue on Two Chief World Systems and Letters on Sunspots

Was famously condemned by the Catholic church

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Francis Bacon

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English

Father of emprieism which emphasized experimentation

Wrote The Advancement of Learning, Nouvum Orangum, and the New Atlantis. In these works

he attacked the idea that truth was already found and needed only to be explained. He belied in useful results and that the best of history is in the future.

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René Descartes

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1596-1650 French

Wrote Discourses on Method

Invented analytical geometry and the Scientific method, which at the time was insignificant compared with scientific induction

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Johannes Kepler

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German

Wrote New Astronomy

Built on Tyco Brahe's observations. He confirmed the idea that universe was heliocentric and came up with the idea of elliptical orbits.

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Isaac Newton

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English

Published Principia Mathematica

He discovered the laws of gravity and believed in mathematics and data.

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Natural law

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The idea that certain laws are ingrained humans from birth.

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Thomas Hobbes

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English

Published Levithan in which he argued humans are mechanical beings who exist only to meet their daily needs and can only reason in the physical.

Believed humans are power hungry and if left to their own devices will destroy each other. He believed that in order to preserve people enter in to a social contract with the government. He believed the best government is a monarchy.

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John Locke

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English

Wrote Two Treatises of Government in which he rejected a family like government and argued that government is responsible to the citizens.

Believed in natural rights, religious toleration, right to revolution and that the government should protect achievements.

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Baruch Spinoza

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Dutch Jewish Philosophe

Wrote Thelogie-Political Treatise in which he discussed the Enlightenment and religion

Believed in reason and ethics and that God and Nature go together

Lived as an outcast, but argued for Jewish toleration

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David Hume

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Scottish

Wrote Inquiry into Human Nature in which he argued that miracles didn't exsist.

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Margaret Cavendish

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English

One of the few women involved in the scientific revolution.

She wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy and Natural Philosophy

Questioned the Royal Society

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Blaise Pascal

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French

Wrote Pensées

Devout Catholic with Javenist ties. Came up with the "What do you have to lose arguement

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Philosophes

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People of the enlightenment who believed in change and toleration. Unlike traditional philosophers, they tried to apply common sense to life

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Baron de Montesquieu

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French

Criticized Europe through his Persian Letters. He also wrote Parisian Letters and Spirit of the Laws

Believed that the Brits had an ideal government and that laws should be interpreted in their "spirit

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Immanuel Kant

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German

Wrote The Critique of Pure Reason and The Critique of Practical Reason

Believed that the senses were extremely important and that some things can't be explained by reason. He also believed that people have a moral compass.

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Natural Rights

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The idea that when people are born they have certain rights. According to John Locke these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of properrty.

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Salons

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These were places where philosophes met to talk. Many were owned by women who became very influential.

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Denis Diderot

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French

Was instrumental in the publishing of the Encyclopedia a collection of the works of many Enlightenment thinkers

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Voltaire

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French

Wrote Candide, Letters to English and co authored Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Works were the foundation of the French Revolution. He was thrown in the Bastille for his work. He wrote a lot of satire and believed that the human condition could be improved.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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1712-1778 French

Wrote Discourses ob the Moral Effects of Arts and Sciences and Discourse on the Inequality.

Argued that the uneven distribution of property was evil. He believed that civilization corrupts and the ideal government is a utopia. He believed in the will of the populace is correct and that society is more important than the individuals. He wanted to know waht a good life was.

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Daniel Defoe

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French

Wrote Robinson Crusoe

Considered the Father of Journalism. he was criticized for being biased towards the party in office.

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Adam Smith

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Scottish

Wrote Inquiry into Nature & Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Wanted abolish the merchantile system and came up with the idea of laissez-faire. He embraced the four stage theory

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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English

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in response to Rousseau's Émilie

She is considered one of the first feminists.

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Baroque

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A movement that emphasized lavishness and ornateness.