Engr 482 Final

Front 1

what are the 4 types of disagreements?

Back 1

Factual
Conceptual
Application
Moral

Front 2

What is a factual issue?

Back 2

a disagreement over a matter of fact where the answer is both relevant to the case at hand and is controversial or unknown.
An important factor in determining which disagreement are disagreements over fact is the need to do an empirical investigation (observe, experiment, gather data, etc.) to settle the dispute

Front 3

What is a conceptual issue?

Back 3

A question about the meaning of a term (e.g. What is safe?)
An important facto in determining which disagreements are disagreements over concepts is the need to reexamine the ways in which we are using words/terms to settle the disput

Front 4

What is an application issue?

Back 4

A question about whether a concept applies in a particular situation
(e.g. Is this situation a case of a bribe?)
An important factor in distinguishing an application issue is the act of determining if the facts of a situation cause a particular concept to apply to that situation.

Front 5

What is a moral issue?

Back 5

A question of what should be in a particular situation with respect to a particular policy.
An important factor in determining which disagreements are disagreements over moral issues is the presence of competing obligations

Front 6

What is utilitarianism?

Back 6

Brining about the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Front 7

What is act utilitariansism?

Back 7

Focuses attention on bringing about the greatest good for the greatest number of people from particular actions.

Front 8

What is Rule utilitarianism?

Back 8

The people whose well-being would be affected by the general practice of a rule

Front 9

What is respect for persons?

Back 9

Everyone must be treated as an end in him/herself (moral agent having goals or purposes of his/her own)

Front 10

What is the rights test?

Back 10

you are free to do whatever you want as long as it doesn't violate or infringe on anyone else's rights.
other peoples rights are restrictions on your actions (where there is a right, there is a corresponding duty)

Front 11

What are the their tier's of rights?

Back 11

Tier 1) life bodily integrity, mental integrity
Tier 2) right not to be deceived, cheated, stolen from, defamed, right to privacy, free speech
Tier 3) Right to acquire property, non-discrimination, self-respect

Front 12

What is the golden rule?

Back 12

if you consider yourself a moral agent and treat others as you would treat yourself, then you will be treating them as mroal agents too.

Front 13

What is the self defeating test?

Back 13

we are all equally moral agents; if it is permissible for me to do something it should be permissible for you to do it too.
test 1: could the action be done if everyone did it
test 2: would the point be undermined by everyone doing it.

Front 14

What is the capabilities approach to assessing risk?

Back 14

Traditional risk and disaster analysis considers only a limited number of factors that are relatively easy to measure (Deaths, injuries, buildings destoryed). Capabilities approach looks at
functionings - what an individual can do or become in his/her life that is of value
capability - the real freedom of individuals to achieve functionings.
In order to quantify ways in which capabilities might be damages, they use indicators that correlate with capabilities (indicator of impairment of the capability to play might be the loss of parks or gymnasiums). These indicators are then scaled to common metric, so as to compare normalized values of these indicators. This creates a hazard index, which is then divided by population affected by the hazard to create a hazard impact index

Front 15

What is the definition of sustainable development according to the NSPE code?

Back 15

the challenge of meeting human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste management while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resrouce base essential for future development.

Front 16

What are the two lines of authority in the engineering profession?

Back 16

voluntary societies
board of registration

Front 17

What are the two types of voulntary societies?

Back 17

Societies representing major divisions, such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Speciality societies, such as American Academy of Environmental Engineers

Front 18

What is the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and surveys made up of?

Back 18

All the state boards of registration for engineers

Front 19

What are four forms of dishonesty?

Back 19

Lying
Deliberate Deception
Withholding Information
Failure to seek out the truth

Front 20

What are some major ideas that go with confidentiality?

Back 20

Only break confidentiality if the public is at risk, don't break for other reasons

Front 21

What is intellectual property? How are they proctected?

Back 21

Intellectual property is property that results from mental labor. They are protected by trade secrets, patents, trademarks, copyrights

Front 22

What is a conflict of interest?

Back 22

a situation in which one has some interest (usually financial) which threatens to corrupt his or her professional judgement. The essential guideline with regard to conflicts of interest is that one must always disclose a conflict of interest, and it is often better to excuse oneself from situations in which one has a conflict of interest. Remember that one is still in a conflict of interest situation, even if one does not allow the conflict to influence professional judgement, and that the conflict still must be disclosed.

Front 23

What are preventive Ethics?

Back 23

This is the major theme of professional ethics in all professions. It has to do with protecting the public from professional misconduct.
It is rule oriented and negative in nautre
The main worry is with NOT harming the public

Front 24

What are Aspirational Ethics?

Back 24

Eithics that have to do with the ways a profession can benefit (not simply not harm) the public
It also has to do with the professional virtues or excellences that are appropriate in a profession and necessary in order for professionals in a given area to contribute to the public good.
In engineering, this positive aspect may not be as clearly formulated as in other professions, but it must have to do with contributing to the public good through technology.

Front 25

What are the three vitues or excellencese that are appropriate if engineers are to contribute professionally to aspirational ethics?

Back 25

respect for nature
techno-social sensitivity
commitment to public welfare

Front 26

wHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Back 26

A process of change in which the direction of investment, the orientation of technology, the allocation of resources, and the development and functioning of institutions is directed to meet present needs and aspirations without endangering the capacity of natural systems to absorb the effects of hman activities, and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and aspirations.

Front 27

What are the six definitions of a clean environment?

Back 27

Comparative criterion
Normalcy cirterion
Optimal-pollution reduction criterion
Maximum Proctection criterion
Demonstrable Harm Criterion
Degree of Harm Criterion

Front 28

What is comparative criterion definiation of clean?

Back 28

The environmnet is clean if it imposes no greater threat to human life or health than do other risks

Front 29

what is the normalcy criterion defination of a clean environment?

Back 29

The environment is clean if the pollutants present in it are normally present in nature to the same degree.

Front 30

What is the Optimal-pollution reduction criterion defination of a clean environment?

Back 30

The environment is clean if funds required to reduce pollution further could be used in other ways that would produce more overall human well-being

Front 31

What is the Maximum protection criterion definition of a clean environment?

Back 31

The environment is clean if any identifiable risk from pollution that poses a possible threat to human health has been eliminated, up to the capacity of available technology and legal enforcement to do so.

Front 32

what is the demonstrable harm criterion definition of a clean environment?

Back 32

The environment is clean if every pollutant that is demonstrably harmful to human health has been eliminated

Front 33

What is the degree of harm criterion definition of a clean environment?

Back 33

when pollutants pose a clear and pressing threat to human health, they must be reduced below any reasonable threshold of harm. Cost should not be considered a significant factor. Insofar as substances pose a nuncertain (but possible) risk to health or when the threshold of danger cannot be determined, economic factors may be considered. If a harm is irreversible, tis prevention should be given higher piority.

Front 34

What does an anthropocentric ethicists view?

Back 34

Anthropocentric ethics holds that only human beings have intrinsic value. Nonhuman natural objects, including other animals, have value only as they contribute to human well-being. This does not mean that, under this view, something like Yellowstone National Park would have no value. It only means that it would have value only insofar as the park contributes to human well-being

Front 35

What does a non anthropocentric ethicist view?

Back 35

non-antrhopocentric ethics holds that at least some natural objects other than human beings (animals, plants, and perhaps even inanimate things such as rivers and mountains) have intrinsic value.

Front 36

What are the three types of corporate attitudes toward the environment?q

Back 36

Sub-minimal
Minimalist or compliance
Progressive

Front 37

What is the sub minimal view corporate attitude toward the environment?

Back 37

Where the industry does as little as possible - and sometimes less than required - in meeting reuglations

Front 38

What is the minimalist or compliance attitude of corporate attitudes toward the environment?

Back 38

industries in the group accept governmental regulation as a cost of doing business, but often without enthusiasm or commitment

Front 39

What is the progressive corporate attitude toward the environment?

Back 39

these companies are responsive to environmental concerns and have he complete support of the CEO. the companies generally view themselves as good neightbors and believe that is probably in their long term interest to go beyond legal requirements because doing so generates good will iI the community and avoids lawsuite. More than this however, they may be genuinely committed to environmental protection and even environmental enhancement.

Front 40

What are the two proposals regarding the environment and engineering responsibility?

Back 40

1. Although engineers should be required to hold paramount human health in the performance of their engineering work, they should not be required as professionals to inject non health related environment concerns into their engineering work
2. Engineers should have the right to organizational disobedience with regard to environmental inssues, as this is required by their own personal beliefs or their own individual interpretations of what professional obligation requires.

Front 41

What is Employment at Will?

Back 41

Employment at will is a legal doctrine which developed from the British common law tradition. It states that employers of persons hired without a contract maintain the right to eliminate those persons for virtually any reason. Historically, employment at will has been upheld by the courts.

Front 42

In the Pierce v. Ortho Pharmaceutical, why did Grace Pierce lose?

Back 42

She resignation early, and she appealed to the hippocratic oath instead o the american medical assoication code of ethics. (the case was about putting too much saccharin , a carcinogen, into a medicane)

Front 43

Martin Marietta v Paul Lorenz, why did Paul Orenz win?

Back 43

He provided evidence that changing the minutes of meetings to NASA was wrong and the supreme courts upheld that.

Front 44

In the Rocky Mtn. Hospital et al. and Blue Cross/blue Shield of Colorado v Diana Mariani, why did Marani win?

Back 44

She was fired for refusing to violate Rule 7.3 of the Coloardo State Board of Accountancy.

Front 45

What does Robert Jackall's account of managerial perspective say about managers and loyalty?

Back 45

Managers place the interest of the company first, and will sometimes come into conflict with engineers over matters of time and money. Morality does not frequently enter into the equation. employee loyalty is of utmost importance. In order to avoid negative impacts of their actions, managers will often blur lines of responsibility, avoid putting things in writing, and seek to pass the blame for unintended harms onto other people.

Front 46

What is a proper engineers decision?

Back 46

A decision that involves technical engineers matters and involves ethical standards are embodied in the engineering codes of ethics.

Front 47

What is a proper management decision?

Back 47

A decion that involves the well-being of the company and considerations of organizations.

Front 48

What is the hitachi corporation say about engineers oriented companies?

Back 48

That their quality of products take priority over other considerations. Engineers' opionions are valued and engineers are often called upon for advice by the managers. Open lines of communication between managers and engineers.

Front 49

What does the hitachi report say about customer oriented companies?

Back 49

Mangers respect engineers as advocated for quality, throught their opinions may be overruled occasionally for matters of price and time. Safety outranks quality/

Front 50

What does the hitachi report say about finance oriented companies?

Back 50

There is a strong emphasis on truining a profit. Engineers opinions are weighted as less important by managers than other types of oritented companies/

Front 51

What are the three types of company disobedience?

Back 51

Disobedience by contrary action, by non participation, and whistle blowing.

Front 52

When whistleblowing justifed?

Back 52

1. potential harm is serious and considerable
2> employee reports their concern to immediate superior
3. Employee exhausts every possible channel within the company

Front 53

When is whistleblowing obligatory?

Back 53

1. Document, sufficiently to convince a responsible, impartial oberver about the impending harm
5. Disclosing information would actually prevent harm.

Front 54

What are some issues the international arena?

Back 54

lack of technical knowledge, paternalism, economic underdevelopment and exploitation. practices of bribery, extortion, grease payments, and gift giving. nepotism and negotiation taxes.

Front 55

When hiring what are the most important rules related to race and gender?

Back 55

1. consider only job related factors
2.establish fair processes for making personnel decisions and follow them
3. document your decision.

Front 56

What is affirmative action?

Back 56

an attempt to make the results of personnel decision look like the feeder group.

Front 57

what is sexual harassment?

Back 57

any unwelcome or unsolicted sexual advance or innuendo, or other verbal or hpysical conduct, that creates a hostile or offensive work environment. Pornography on company computer is seen byt the courts as evidence of a hostile work environment. This is why companies are so concerned to prhibit it.