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22 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Adjectives

Describing word usually connected to a noun, to add emphasis.



E.g. She had a beautiful smile

Alliteration

Repeating the same sound. Adds emphasis and reinforces meaning. E.g. Little Lucas left in limbo (headline for article on little boy waiting for surgery).


Tongue twisters: Peter Piper picked a pickled pepper.


Anecdote

A short account or story of an entertaining incident. Usually makes the reader sympathetic and receptive to the point. E.g. Before giving a presentation on the dangers of drug abuse, the speaker tells the audience how he himself used to abuse drugs and explains the negative effects it brought about in his life.

Bias

One sidedness in presentation of view/opinion. Can influence the reader by intentionally only presenting one side of the argument. E.g. When I met with Mayor Geovelli, I noticed that he had the appearance of a hobo (a loaded, negative word). He was unshaved and wearing dirty clothes (notice that the author doesn’t tell us why he was dressed this way).





Cliché

An expression which has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being irritating.



E.g. Beauty is only skin deep.


All that glitters is not gold.



Connotations of words

Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.




E.g. the name ‘Hollywood’ connotes such things as glitz, glamour, tinsel, celebrity, and dreams of stardom.





Emotive Language

When the reader plays on peoples emotions such as fears, insecurities, hopes and things that are valued. This makes the reader to take notice of an issue by triggering an emotional response. E.g. Helpless animals are suffering needlessly cruel and painful deaths.

Evidence

Information, facts or statements used to support the writers point of view. The writers point of view seems objective rather than subjective (personal). Can be used to create bias. E.g. Food industry statistics show the nation has spent 20% more on takeaways this year.

Exaggeration/Hyperbole

Exaggerates the true situation for dramatic impact. E.g. The reigning football champions were completely destroyed in last night's epic battle.


Hyperbole uses a figure of speech (metaphor or simile) to do this. "And the skin on her face was thin and drawn tight like the skin on an onion" (Flannery O'Connor).

Generalisation

A general statement that states that the case being discussed is true for a majority of people. This can appeal to our general sense of what is true and so sound authorative may pick up on prejudices in the reader and seem convincing.


E.g. Generation Y are spoilt, fickle and lazy.

Direct Address (Inclusive Language)

Engages the reader and may gain sympathy or persuade the reader to reject an idea or individual. Uses 'we', 'our', 'us', etc. Includes the reader in the same group as the writer. E.g. It's up to us to use our vote in the election.

Irony

Implied or intended meaning is different, often the opposite from the literal meaning. A powerful device that can be effective in humiliating the opponent, makes the point obviously. E.g. The name of Britain’s biggest dog was “Tiny”.

Loaded Language

Words that re 'loaded' with associations. It is often used in order to: Gain support; Sway opinions; Degrade others (such as in a political campaign); Push an agenda.


E.g. Infanticide or child murder vs. abortion.


Metaphor

Allows two things to be compared while remaining distinct, by describing one thing in terms of another. Can reinforce a point without repetition, and engages the reader. E.g. The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)

Pun

A play on words to suggest a different meaning. Positions the reader to enjoy a joke and grabs their attention.


E.g. Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.

Reason and Logic

The use of an argument developed step by step with reasoning and evidence to support each main point. Shows both viewpoints to help establish the strength of one side. E.g.


“Stand firm, parents. If you say ‘no’ at first and then give in later, you are only teaching your children to beg, whine and pester you.”





Repetition

Repeated words, phrases, sentence patterns, ideas. Gives emphasis and prominence to a point, makes the reader remember this point.


E.g. "She's safe, just like I promised. She's all set to marry Norrington, just like she promised. And you get to die for her, just like you promised."
(Jack Sparrow, The Pirates of the Caribbean)

Rhetorical Questions

Questions that have the answer embedded in them, often using irony. Powerful device to manipulate the reader to agree because assumes the answer is obvious.


E.g. "You're not really going to wear that, are you?"


"If your friend jumped off the bridge would you do it too?"

Sensationalism

Especially in journalism, the presentation of stories in a way that is intended to provoke public interest or excitement at the expense of accuracy. E.g. Headline: Facebook - a new trigger for Asthma?


What the article is actually about: An 18-year old kid suffered asthma attacks when stalking his ex-girlfriend on Facebook.

Simile

One thing is likened to another using 'like' 'as... as' This clarifies and enhances an idea or situation.


E.g. - Our soldiers are as brave as lions.


- He is as cunning as a fox.


- Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa

Superlative

A literary device which is usually an adjective or adverb used to distinguish an object from 3 or more others of its type. Usually formed by adding the suffix –est to most adjectives and adverbs, or adding “most” or “least” before them. E.g. It has the longest rides of any subway in the world, the biggest stations, the fastest trains, and the most track.

Symbolism

Generally, it is an object representing another to give it an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant.


E.g. The dove is a symbol of peace. A red rose or red colour stands for love or romance. Black is a symbol that represents evil or death.


"All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players", (Shakespeare).