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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synthetic personalisation |
Fairclough- the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were one, second person pronouns play a large part |
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Footing |
Goffman- the stance towards others. Footing can shift throughout a conversation |
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Julia Stanley |
Identified 200 words for a sexually promiscuous female and 20 for men, most female words have negative connotations |
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Semantic derogation |
Deborah Cameron- in many lexical pairs the male term suggests a positive attribute and the women a negative one |
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Deficit/dominance approach |
Jepersen/Lakoff- womens language is deficient, men are dominant in society. Women hedge, apologise more, tag int., polite forms, less taboo lexis ets |
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Difference approach |
Tannen- males and females speak in different ways 6 differences |
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Discursive approach |
Cameron- gender is fluid and is constructed according to many variables, Cameron considers sociological factors |
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Gate keeping theory |
Kurt Lewis- reporters editors and those in the media work as gate keepers- they control what goes through and what does not which shapes society |
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Macherey |
Interested in the gaps and silences in a text- what wasn't mentioned- this reflects the ideology of a culture |
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Selective perception |
A form of bias where you do not report an event |
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Pragmatics |
The study of how meanings are created in the social contexts of language use |
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Conversational maxims |
Grices- cooperative principles of conversation with four maxims/rules 1) quantity 2)quality 3) manner 4) relation |
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Theory of politeness |
Lakoff- 1) be clear 2) be polite: don't impose, give options, make others feel good |
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Leeches politeness maxims |
1- tact maxim 2- generosity maxim 3- approbation maxim 4- modesty maxim 5- agreement maxim 6- sympathy maxim |
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Speech theory act |
Austin and searle- an utterance that serves a function in communication for example thank you |
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Communicative competence |
Hymes- to describe a persons grammatical knowledge and their social and pragmatic knowledge |
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Exchange structure theory |
Sinclair and coulthard- they found that in a classroom the transactional language followed a structure- IRF initiation, response, feedback |
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Giles accommodation theory |
Speakers sometime change the way they speak depending on who they are speaking to. Includes convergence >< and divergence<> Can be upwards (rp) or downwards (more 'streer') |
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Capital punishment |
Giles- gave 5 groups of students the same arguments against capital punishment but each delivered in a different way- written, rp, Somerset, welsh, brummie. Most impressed with written and rp but the Brummie changed their views |
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Labovs prestige theory |
types: Showed there is a relationship between speech and social class, speakers of all classes recognise the importance of prestige. 2 types:Overt prestige: used by the culturally dominant group eg rp and positively valued by the larger communityCovert prestige: having positive value but is less valued by the larger community eg street cred Overt prestige: used by the culturally dominant group eg rp and positively valued by the larger community Covert prestige: having positive value but is less valued by the larger community eg street cred |
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Language and gender |
Labov- suggested that females tend to use standard language whereas males use non standard |
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Face needs +- |
+ the need to be liked, respected - our right not to be imposed on |
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Politeness strategies |
Brown and Levinson- + Convergence, pay attention, seek agreement - indirect questions, question, hedge, apologise |
