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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Accent
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The pronunciation of words
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Accommodation
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A theory that suggests that we adjust our speech to 'accomodate' the person we are addressing.
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Acquisition
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A child's version of language.
(Mummy, dada) |
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Acronym
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A word formed from the initial letters of other words.(R.A.D.A.R)
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Active Voice
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The subject of a verb is the agent performing the action
(The police[subject] caught [verb]the burgular) |
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Adjacency Pairs
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A predictable pattern found in a conversation- a question followed by an answer
(Heya- oh hi!) |
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Adjective
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A word that can be used to describe a noun
(The QUICK brown fox) |
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Adverb
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Usually answer a question such as how, when, where?
Usually end in -LY |
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Adverbial
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A word/group of words working as an adverb, usually giving information about a time, place or manner.
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Affix
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A group of letters forming part of a word (secures the word), usually a prefix or suffix.
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Alliteration
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When two or more words begin with the same sound
(Curious cat) |
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Amelioration
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Turning a negative word into a positive word.
(Agressive becomes gentle) |
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Anaphoric Reference
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A word or expression in a text that refers back to another part of the text.
(I met up with Jenny yesterday. She looked awful!) |
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Antonym
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A word that is opposite in meaning to another word.
(wet and dry) |
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Assonance
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Words that have internal rhyming.
(on a proud round cloud in white high night) |
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Asyndetic Listing
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Listing which does not involve the use of conjunctions.
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Auxiliary Verbs
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Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to construct the verb phrase.
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Blend
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A word formed by combining parts of other words.
(Smog= smoke and fog) |
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Borrowing
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A word or expression taken from another language.
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Broadening
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When the meaning of a word is extended; the word retains its old meaning but takes one or more aded meanings as well.
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Cataphoric Reference
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A word or expression in a text refers forwards to another part of a text.
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Clause
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A group of words forming a unit within a sentence, usually containing a subject and a verb.
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Cliche
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An over used saying or meaning.
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Clipping
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A word formed by shortening an exisitng word.
(Telephone=phone) |
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Cohesion
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The techniques and devices used to connect different parts of a text with another.
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Coinage
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The creation of a completely new word.
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Collocation
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Groups (usually pairs) of words that are commonly found alongside each other.
(Verb+noun=take a vacation) |
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Comparative
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An adjective that makes a comparison.
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Complex Sentence
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A sentence containing a main clause and one or more clauses of lesser importance.
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Compound
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A word or expression formed from the combination of other words.
(Black birds, head waiter) |
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Compound Sentence
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Two or more simple sentences joined together by co-ordinating conjunctions.
(and, so, but) |
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Conjunction
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A word that joins together the different parts of a sentence.
(And, or, so) |
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Connotation
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The associations that a word has.
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Contraction
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When words are combined to form a single, shortened word.
(We have= we've) |
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Convergence
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When the speech styles of two or more people move closely to each other.
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Creole
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A language that has developed and become the first language of new generation speakers.
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Declarative Sentence
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A sentence that makes a statement.
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Deixis
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Diectic expressions cannot be understood unless the context of the utterance is known.
(Here, there) |
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Denotation
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The straightforward, objective meaning of a word- its dictionary meaning.
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Descriptivism
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An approach to the study of language that describes how language is used but does not judge language use as correct or incorrect.
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Determiner
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A word used before a noun to indicate quantity, indentity or significance.
(A, the, some) |
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Dialect
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A variety of language with distinctive features of vocabulary, grammar and accent.
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Divergence
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When the speech styles of two or more move away from each other.
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Ellipsis
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The omission of one or more grammatical elements of a sentence.
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End-Focus
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Placing emphasis upon the closing part of a sentence.
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Estuary English
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An accent that originated in London and the south-east and that has spread outwards to other parts of the country.
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Euphemism
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A mild or indirect expression used to instead of one that is considered in some way offensive, painful or unpleasant.
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Exclamatory Reference
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A sentence that ends with an exclamation mark.
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Field-Specific Lexis
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Vocabulary associated with a particular topic or field
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Filled Pause
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A hesitation
(Um, er) |
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Filler
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A word or expression of little meaning commonly inserted into speech.
(You know, like) |
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Form
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A meaningful unit of language, such as an affix, a word, a phrase, or a sentence.
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Genre
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A type or form- a novel or short story.
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Graphology
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The visual aspects of a text.
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Head Word
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The main word in a phrase.
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Hyponym
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A general word linked in meaning to more specific words- desk etc.
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Idiolect
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The form of language used by, and unique to a single individual.
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Idiom
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An expression whose meaning cannot be understood from the meanings of the individual words that makes up the expression.
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Imperative Sentence
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A sentence that is a question.
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Infinitive
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A form of a verb that does not specify person or number.
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Inflection
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A letter or group of letters at the end of a word serving a grammatical function.
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Interrogative Sentence
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A sentence that is a question.
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Intertextuality
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When a text makes a reference to, or incorporates elements of another text.
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Intransitive Verbs
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Words which do not require an object.
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Jargon
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The specialist vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity.
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Lexical Field
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A group of words with associated meanings and uses.
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Lexis
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Another term of vocabulary.
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Loan Word
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A word that has been taken from antoher language.
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Metaphor
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A comparison that describes a person, object or situation as it were actually something else.
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Modal Auxiliary
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Auxiliary verbs which are only ever used in conjunction within main verbs.
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Modifier
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A word that gives more information about a head word.
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Monosyllabic Words
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Words of one syllable.
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Morpheme
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The smallest unit of language that expresses meaning or serves a grammatical function; always a letter or group of letters.
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Morphology
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The study of the structure of words.
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Narrowing
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When the meaning of a word narrows so that it becomes more limited and specific.
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Non-fluency Features
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Features that interrupt the flow of a person's speech- hesitations and repitition.
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Noun
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A word that indicates the name given to a person, place, object, feeling etc.
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Onomatopoeia
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When the sound of a word echoes it's meaning.
(buzz, splash) |
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Oxymoron
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When two words that are opposite are combined.
(Living death, plastic flowers) |
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Parallelism
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Occurs when phrases or sentences have a similar pattern or structure.
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Passive Voice
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When the subject of a verb is the element affected by the action.
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Prejoration
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A shift in the meaning of a word so that it's meaning becomes less positive.
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Phoneme
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The smallest unit of sound in a language.
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Phonetics
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The study of the sounds of speech.
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Phonology
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The study of the patterns and systems of sounds in particular languages.
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Phrase
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A word or group of words that functions as a unit in a sentence.
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Pidgin
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A language that combines two or more other languages, enabling the members of different speech communities to communicate.
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Polysyllabic
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Words with three or more syllables.
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Pragmatics
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The study of the part that language plays in social situations and social relationships.
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Prefix
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A group of letters commonly found at the beginning of words.
(Re, Un) |
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Preposition
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A word that relates one word to another.
(In, at, under) |
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Prescriptivism
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An approach to the study of language that favours rules, identifying correct and incorrect language uses.
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Pronoun
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A word that takes the place of a noun.
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Prosody
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Non-verbal aspects of speech such as volume, intonation and pitch.
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Recieved Pronunciation
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The accent associated with upper-class speakers of English.
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Register
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A form of language appropriate to a particular situation.
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Repair
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In conversation, a repair resolves a problem that has arisen.
(The speaker may correct themselves if something has been said in error.) |
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Semantics
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The study of word meanings.
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Simile
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A comparison.
(Includes the words: like, as) |
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Simple Sentence
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A sentence that contains only one clause.
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Sociolect
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A variety of language used by a particular social group.
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Standard English
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The vocabulary and grammar associated with educated users of the language.
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Subordinate Clause
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A clause within a sentence that is less importnat than the main clause.
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Suffix
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A group of letters commonly found at the ends of words.
(Able, -ly) |
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Syllable
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A single unit of speech or a sub-divison of a word.
(Mag-ic) |
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Syndetic Listing
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Listing which involves the use of conjuctions.
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Synonym
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A word similar in meaning to another word.
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Taboo Language
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Words that are avoided because they are considered offensive, embarrassing, obscene or unpleasant.
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Tag Question
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A question attached to the end of a statement.
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Topic Loop
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Occurs when a conversation returns to a previous topic.
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Topic Marker
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An utterance that moves a conversation on to another topic.
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Transitive Verbs
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Verbs which require an object.
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Unvoiced Pause
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A silent pause in speech.
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Verb
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A word that indicates a doing or being.
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