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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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HOWARD GILES |
Convergence - using the same language as the listener to fit in Divergence - Distancing yourself, possibly for power or individuality |
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DREW AND HERITAGE |
People share inferential frameworks with each other on how to speak, think and behave. An unwritten system of turn-taking where the one with the power controls. Contributions: What is 'allowed' to be said |
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SWALES |
Discourse community share common goals Internal communication Specialist lexis and discourse Have sufficient skill to be able to join the community |
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MALONE |
What is funny to some people may not be for others and can be offensive, so is often avoided at work. |
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ROMERO AND CRUTHIRDS |
Humour is positive in the workplace and is common. It reduces stress and leads to more productivity. |
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MICHAEL NELSON |
Studied business lexis. Workers avoided personal subjects and focused on the field of companies, money, time, institutions and events. |
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NATION CURRICULUM STUDY |
When participants engaged in genuine inquiry or information sharing, language was more complex Technical vocabulary binds them together, no matter their status. This isn't always formal or complex, depending on purpose. Less power influences turn taking, equal status makes this unpredictable. Social talk has more content but may be restricted if one is more powerful. |
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KOESTER |
Phatic talk is necessary to establish an effective worker |
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DAVID CRYSTAL |
Representatives: A proposition that is 'true', 'believe', 'conclude.' Directives: Speaker making listener do something, 'ask','beg.' Commissive: commits self, 'guarantee.' Expressive: An attitude, 'apologise', 'appreciate.' Declaration: 'I now pronounce you.' |
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IRVING GOFFMAN |
Face needs, threatening acts and positive and negative face |
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GRICE |
Quality Quantity Manner Relevance |
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NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH |
Unequal encounters constrain language Power behind discourse Powerful may not follow turn taking rules |
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FEATURES OF INSTRUMENTAL POWER |
Formal register Specialist lexis Imperatives Modal auxiliaries Conditionals (if...) Declarative Impersonal instruction Mitigation Avoid ambiguity |
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INFLUENTIAL FEATURES |
Embedded assumptions Metaphorical references Assertions Loaded language, strong connotation |
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STUBBE |
People try to get power through hierarchy |
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WAERING |
Political, social and personal power |
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FRENCH AND RAVEN |
Legitimate: The right to demand things and others comply Reward: To reward another person Expert: Superior knowledge Referent: Valued or respected on their features Coercive: Ability to punish |
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VYGOTSKY |
Person with more complex language has the power |
