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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inner Circle Model |
Braj Kachru English as a first language |
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Outer Circle Model |
Braj Kachru English as an institutional language, e.g. learnt through education and government |
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Expanding Circle Model |
Braj Kachru English learnt as a foreign language |
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S-curve model |
Chen and Aitchison Language starts at slow pace and then increases in pace and then stabalises again |
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Images of Language Change |
Jean Aitchison |
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Who was the researcher who did Martha's Vineyard? |
William Labov |
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What did Labov discover about Martha's vineyard? |
Focus on dialect Natives of the island (non tourists) used their language as part of their identity |
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What is Standard English? |
Dialect of English with most prestige E.g. used for the education system and formally written texts |
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What is slang? |
Words and phrases considered informal. |
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What is dialect? |
Features of language and variations of grammar E.g. bap vs bun |
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What is taboo? |
Language choice that is offensive Dysphmisms |
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What is technology influenced words and phrases? |
Use words and phrases coined from technology E.g. ngl, btw |
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What is a neologism? |
New words, especially with technology E.g. emoji, selfie |
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What is occupational register? |
Groups of words from a certain group of people E.g. Gamers |
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What is Receieved Pronounciation? |
Considered the correct accent Linked to prestige |
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What is regional accent? |
This is linked to where you live in the country and how you speak because of it. |
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What is accent? |
Variation in pronounciation due to where you live |
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What is an idiomatic phrase? |
A phrase that has an accepted meaning, despite not belonging to s dictionary. Almost a metaphor? E.g. part of the furniture |
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What is social mobility? |
A person changing social class Done through marriage, changing job, financial situation |
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What is MLE? |
Multicultural London English |
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What is code switching? |
A bilingual person switching between languages while talking |
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What is multiple negation? |
A sentence contains more than one negative |
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What is plural marking? |
Making a singular noun plural |
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What percent of people in Britain speak RP? |
2% |
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What is dialect levelling? |
Different forms of English across Britain and becoming more similar Loss of regional features |
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Who claims Britain is losing dialect differences? |
Leslie Milroy (2002) Paul Kerswill |
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Why does Leslie Milroy claim that Britain is losing regional dialect forms? |
Because it is easier to travel across Britain meaning that we lose and change the socially constructed linguistic norms |
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What aspects of dialect are surviving? |
Multiple negation Use of ain't |
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What is the matched guise experiment? |
People listening to the same person speaking in different dialects and giving their opinions on the speaker. |
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Who created the matched guise experiment? |
Howard Giles |
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What is ethnocentricism? |
When a person perceives their culture to be superior. |
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What did Choy and Dodd research about language diversity? |
That teachers judge a students ability on their dialect. |
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What did Gary Ives research say about language diversity between ages? |
He interviews 63 teenagers and 100% yes, language is different between ages |
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What did Penelope Eckert define the different ages to judge by? |
Chronological age (number of years since birth) Biological age (physical maturity) Social age (life events, such as marriage and having children) |
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What did Jenny Cheshire claim about language between ages? |
That language and age is dependent on life events |
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What did Robin Lakoff claim were theories of women's language? |
Hedges Empty adjectives (divine, adorable, gorgeous) Super-polite forms Apologise more Speak less frequently Avoid coarse language Tag questions Indirect requests Speak in italics, use tone to emphasise |
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What were Deborah Tannen's theories of women's language? |
Status vs support Independence vs intimacy Advice vs understanding Information vs feelings Orders vs proposals Conflict vs compromise |
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What does Deborah Cameron claim about women's language? |
That men and women having different ways of speaking 'is one of the great myths of our time.' |
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What is one of the main features of occupational register? |
Acronyms |
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What is convergence? |
Using language to resemble those around us. |
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What is divergence? |
Using language to distance yourselves from others |
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Who created the convergence/divergence theory? |
Howard Giles |
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What is polari? |
Coded language spoken by gay men in 1960s. |
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What is lavender language? |
A special dialect and vocabulary used by the gay community |
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What is diachronic change? |
The historical development of language. |
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Who is Samuel Johnson? |
Wrote the first English dictionary |
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What is prescriptivsm? |
Believe that language should be fixed, and any breaking of language rules is incorrect |
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What descriptivism? |
Examination of language and how it's used. No judgement of right or wrong language |
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What is synchronic change? |
The study of language at a particular moment in time |
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What century was old English? |
5th century |
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What century was middle English? |
11th century |
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What century was early modern English? |
15th century |
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What century was modern English? |
18th century |
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What century is present day English? |
20th century |
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When was the King James Bible written? |
15th century, early modern English |
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When was the Johnson's dictionary written? |
15th century, early modern English |
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What was the inkhorn debate? |
Words of Latin roots were considered pretentious. Huge sense of national pride in England for keeping anglo-saxon words |
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What is neosemy? |
A new meaning develops for a word |
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What is 'change from below'? |
Language changing unconsciously by the users |
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What is change from above? |
Conscious changing to the English Language. Attempting to standardise the language. |
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What is ameliorarion? |
A word acquiring a more pleasant meaning |
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What is pejoration? |
A word acquiring worse meaning |
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What is polysemy? |
A word acquiring multiple meanings |
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When was the Roman alphabet introduced? |
6th century |
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What happened during the Great Vowel Shift? |
Long vowels were raised so that the position of the tongue moved closer to the roof of the mouth |
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What were Jean Aitchisons language metaphors? |
Damp spoon - Language change caused by people's laziness Crumbling castle - Language is a beautiful old castle that needs preserving Infectious disease - we catch language from others |
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What is the substratum theory? |
That learning English Language as a second language guarantees imperfections and this will be passed on to further generations |
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What did Robert Phillipson argue about the spread of English Language? |
That it disadvantages other languages, causing them to die out. |
