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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Giles (1970) |
THE ACCOMMODATION THEORY- Downward convergence: RP speaker tones down accent to working class- Upward convergence: Someone tries to eliminate their accent to RP speaker- Mutual convergence: Both people converge towards each other
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goffman |
THE FACE THEORY- Face-threatening act: Rejecting a person's face openly- Positive face: We want to be liked- Negative face: disguising negative comments, requests or orders (hedging)
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Brown and Levinson (1987)
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS- Positive politeness: Showing people that they are liked and respected through compliments and sympathetic feedback. Cooperating in a direct way.- Negative politeness: Being respectful, apologetic and not intruding privacy of others. Being polite in an indirect way
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grice (1975) |
COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLEConversational Maxims:- Quantity- Relevance- Manner- QualityIf not abided = flouted
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lakoff (1973) |
THE POLITENESS PRINCIPLE
1 - Don't impose 2 - Give options 3 - Make the receiver feel good |
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lakoff-1975 |
WOMEN:- Speak less frequently
- Show they're listening my using minimal responses - Use hedging- Apologise more - Use tag questions - Use more intensifiers - Use model constructions |
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Zimmerman and West (1975)
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DOMINANCE MODEL- In mixed sex conversations men are more likely to interrupt than women- In 11 conversations between men and women, men interrupted 46 interruptions and women interrupted twice- Men are more dominant
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grief 1980 |
DOMINANCE AND INTERRUPTIONS- Both parents interrupt daughters more than sons- Fathers interrupt more than than mothers
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Tannens difference model |
DIFFERENCE MODEL
Men VS Women Status vs support Independence vs Intimacy Advice vs understanding Information vs feelings Orders vs proposals Conflict vs compromise |
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tannens 'normal' theory |
MALE AS NORM- - Male language is correct- Female is incorrect so puts pressure to change to be more like the male
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fisherman mixed sex conversations 1977 |
WHY DO MIXED SEX CONVERSATIONS FAIL?- The way in which males respond or don't respond- Women try to keep the conversation going by using 'conversational shiftwork'- Men speak twice as long as women
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o'baar and atkins courtroom |
Language associated with women was exhibited by both males and females whenever they were in a powerless situation in the courtroom- These features were 'powerless language' not 'women's language'
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Jennifer coats men vs women |
WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE DISCOURSEMEN:- Reject a topic introduced by women- Discuss 'male' topics- Establish dominant and submissive rolesWOMEN:- Accept topics introduced by men- Initiate conversations but are less likely to make the conversation succeed- All female conversations are flexible and cooperative
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jennifer coats women talk |
WOMEN'S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE- Topic and topic development: women talk about feelings, not things- Minimal responses- Hedging: encourages discussion- Questions: encourages participation- Turn taking: aids cooperation
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Petyt |
Bradford study: Dropping of the H sound at the beginning of words eg: 'ouse' there was a close relationship between the dropping of the H and the lower social classes
the lower working lass droped their H over 90% of the thime and the upper middle class under 15%. |
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labov |
1966 Language and social class: the higher the social class the more the pronounce the 'r' lower class when reading a list pronounce the 'r', when they are more conscious of their speech
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trudgill |
1983
Norwich Research Researched the relationship between social class and linguistic variables:Lower classes drop the g from the ends of words all classes increase the production of ing and then end of words in a more formal situation adding s to verbs with out an s ending eg: goes and runs was more prominent in lower social classes
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Drew and heritage |
1992 Language and occupation: goal orientated, turn taking restrictions (boss) allowable contributions (doctors) professional lexis, structure asymmetry |
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Jennifer coates |
men pursue a style of interaction based on power while women pursue a style based on solidarity and support. all male speakers are hierarchical, women are more flexible and cooperative.
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otto jesperson 1922 |
Women talk a lot
Women use half finished sentences Women link with 'and' they are emotional rather than grammatical Women use Hyperbole Women don't swear(outdated due to the society at the time of the date) |
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Janet holmes |
A way of maintaining conversation & politeness - not certainty |
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Janet holmes |
A way of maintaining conversation & politeness - not certainty |
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Almut koester |
Phatic talk, no goal to make relationships and work place |
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Swacker |
Looked at 34 men and women & found that men took much longer to describe a painting than women |
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Jenny cheshire |
2 groups, group A&B Group A were girls who didnt have positive attitudes towards carrying weapons, used LESS grammatical errors than of group B who approved of criminal activities and used far nore grammatical errors |
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John swales discourse communitu |
Members who share a common set or goals; communicate internally using different fenres of communication, use specialist lexis and posses a required level of knowledge and skills to be |
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Joanna prezedlacka |
Places had a tendency to some ee features that David found such as using 'aint' 'miwk' 'double negatives' but there was no definite similarities because not everyone followed it |
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Joanna prezedlacka |
Places had a tendency to some ee features that David found such as using 'aint' 'miwk' 'double negatives' but there was no definite similarities because not everyone followed it |
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Marthas vineyard (labov) |
Labov interviewed a number of speakers down from Different areas focussing on the diphthong or 'aw/ay' young speakers would diverge away from new England |
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Ryan zahn hopper (3 people) |
Back (Definition) |
