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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Simple Present |
We use it to: 1. Describe what generally happens. 2. Describe situations that are not connected to time: Physical or scientific facts. 3. Book or movie reviews; newspaper reports. |
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Present Progressive |
We use it to: 1. Describe what is happening right now or the extended present. 2. It´s used with always to express a repeated action. It could be used to express a negative reaction to a situation. |
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Present Progressive - Non action verbs |
Non action verbs are not usually used in the progressive: want, remember, understand, need, look, see, have and own. |
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Simple past |
It is used to: 1. Describe an action that was completed at a specific time in the past. It focuses on the completion of the past action. 2. |
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Past progressive |
It is used to: 1. Describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. It focuses on the duration of the action. 2. With the simple past to talk about an action that was interrupted by another action. 3. While introduces the past progressive and when introduces the simple past. 4. While and When for two actions in the past that happened at the same time. |
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Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive |
It is used: 1. With for or since to talk about things that started in the past but were not completed. |
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Present Perfect |
It is used without since to talk about things that happened at some indefinite time in the past and were completed. Example: She´s read a book about skydiving. |
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Present perfect without for or since |
Shows that an activity is finished. We often say how many or how many times. |
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Present Perfect Progressive |
Shows that an activity is unfinished. We usually say how long with the present perfect progressive. Example: She´s been reading a book for a week. |
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Present perfect or the simple past |
Can be used with time expressions for unfinished time periods such as today, this week, this month, and this year. Present perfect for something that might happen again. Simple past for things that probably won´t happen again. |
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Past Perfect |
It is used to show that something happened before a specific time in the past. The focus is often on the completion of the action. |
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Past progressive |
It is used to show that an action was in progress before a specific time in the past. It possibly continued after the specific time. The focus is on the continuation of the action. Example: By 2010, Kato had been conducting an orchestra for 12 years. |
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Past progressive |
It can also be used for finished actions that had just ended. Example: She was out of breath. It was clear that she had been running. |
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Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive with the Simple Past |
It shows the relationship between two past events. The past perfect or past perfect progressive is used for the earlier event. The simple past is used for the later time event. |
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Past perfect and Past perfect progressive with by + time of event or by the time + time clause |
We usually use the simple past in the time clause for the later time or event. We use already, yet, ever, never and just with the past perfect to emphasize which event happened first. |
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The Future |
To talk about the future we can use: - Be going to - Will - Present progressive - Simple present |
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Future: Talk about facts |
Use be going to or will. Example: The sun is going to rise at 6:43 tomorrow. |
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Future: Predictions |
Use be going to or will. Example: I think people will use robots for a lot of tasks. |
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Future: Plans |
Use be going to or present progressive. Example: I´m going to fly to New York in December. |
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Future: Quick Decisions, Offers, Promises |
Use will. Example: I´ll call you when I get home. |
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Future: Scheduled Future Events |
Use the simple present. Example: This flight leaves at 7:15pm. |
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Future: Specific actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future |
Use Be going to. Example: At this time tomorrow I´m going to be flying to New York. |
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Future: Questions about someone´s plans |
We can use the future progressive. Example: What are you going to do this weekend? |
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Future: Future Time Clause |
We use the future or future progressive in the main clause. We use the simple present or present progressive in the time clause. |
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Future perfect |
It is used to show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. Examples: By June, he will have paid his debt. She´ll have bought a new car by May. I´ll have been in college for a year by then. |
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Future perfect progressive |
It is used to show that an action will be in progress until a specific time in the future.
It may continue after a specific time.
Example: By 2018, we´ll have been living in Costa Rica for 10 years. |
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Future perfect or future perfect progressive with the simple present |
It is used to show the relationship between two future events. The future perfect or the future perfect progressive is used for the earlier event. The simple present is used for the later time event. |
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Future perfect and Future perfect progressive with by + time or event or by the time + time clause |
Example: By 2023, he´ll have saved $100,000. We can also use already and yet. |
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Negative yes/no Questions and Tag Questions |
They are used to: a. Check information you believe is true. b. Comment on a situation. Doesn´t Anton live in Seoul? Anton lives in Seoul, doesn´t he? Isn´t it a nice day? It´s a nice day, isn´t it? |
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Negative Yes/No Questions |
They begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb such as have, do, will, can or should. Contractions are almost always used. |
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Tag Questions |
It is formed with a statement + tag The statement expresses an assumption. Contractions and pronouns are used. It is used when you expect the other person to agree. |
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Additions |
They are clauses or short sentences that follow a statement. They express similarity or difference with the information in the statement. |
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So, too, neither, not either |
They are used to express similarity. Additions of similarity can be clauses starting with and. Examples: Mark is a firefighter, and so is Gerald. Mark is a firefighter, and Gerald is too. |
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Additions of similarity |
They can also be separate sentences Examples: Mark isn´t married. Neither is Gerald Mark isn´t married. Gerald isn´t either. |
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So or Too |
Are used if the addition follows an affirmative statement. Example: Mark is a firefighter, and so is Gerald. Mark is a firefighter, and Gerald is too. |
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Neither or Not either |
Are used if the addition follows a negative statement. Example: Mark didn´t marry. Neither did Gerald. Mark didn´t marry. Gerald didn´t either. |
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But |
It is used in additions that show difference: - If the statement is affirmative, the addition is negative. Ana has a birthmark, but Eva doesn´t. - If the statement is negative, the addition is affirmative. Ana didn´t speak English, but Eva did. |
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Additions |
Always use a form of be, an auxiliary verb or a modal. a. If the statement uses be, use be in the addition. Example: I´m a twin, and so is my cousin. b. If the statement uses an auxiliary verb or a modal, use the same one in the addition. Example: I can´t drive, and neither can my twin. c. If the statement doesn´t use be or an auxiliary verb, use the appropriate form of do. Example: Bill bought a car, and so did Jill. |
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Short responses |
a. Use so, too, neither and not either to express agreement with another speaker. Example: I don´t like sports Neither do I or I don´t either. b. Use but to express disagreement with another speaker. Example: I wouldn´t like to have a twin. Oh, but I would. |
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Gerund |
It is a base form + ing It is used as a noun. Examples: Cooking is a lot of fun. Not exercising leads to health problems. |
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Gerunds as the object of the verb |
Example: I dislike eating meat. *A possessive can be used before a gerund. Example: I dislike John´s eating fast food. I dislike his eating fast food. |
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Verbs followed by and infinitive |
They fall into three groups: 1. verb + infinitive: They hope to open a new shop. 2. verb + object + infinitive: I urge you to try this. 3. verb + infinitive: I want to try this new place. or verb + object + infinitive: I want him to try it. |
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Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive |
I started bringing my own lunch. I started to bring my own lunch. For stop, remember and forget have different meanings. |
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A gerund is the only one that can follow a preposition |
Example: I read an article about counting calories. Many common verb + preposition and adjective + prepositions combinations must be followed by a gerund and not an infinitive. Example: I don´t approve of eating fast food. We´re very interested in trying different kinds of food. |
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An infinitive |
Often follows: a. An adjective: They were happy to see him. b. An adverb: They are here to stay. c. Certain nouns: It´s a high price to pay. |
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Use the infinitive |
To explain the purpose of an action. Doug eats fast food to save time. |
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To make general statements |
You can use: a. gerund as subject: Cooking is fun. b. it + infinitive: It´s fun to cook. |
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Make, have and get |
They are used to talk about things that someone causes another person or an animal to do. They show how much choice the other person or animal has about doing the action. a. make + object + base form of the verb b. have + object + base form of the verb c. get + object + infinitive |
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To allow a person or animal to do something |
Let + object + base form of the verb |
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Help |
Means to make something easier for a person or animal. It can be followed by: object + base form of the verb: She helped me do my homework. object + infinitive: She helped me to do my homework. |
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Phrasal verbs |
It is a two word verb that has two parts: verb + particle = phrasal verb |
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Particles |
They look like prepositions but they act differently: a. Prepositions don´t change the meaning of the verb: He looked into the room. b. Particles often change the meaning of the verb. He looked into the problem. |
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Phrasal verbs |
Have a special meaning, often very different from the meanings of its parts. |
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Phrasal verbs: Examples |
call in: hire figure out: understand look into: research pick up: improve bring about: make happen take on: hire / agree to do |
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Phrasal verbs: Transitive |
Transitive phrasal verbs have objects: Call off something Pick out something Take away something Think up something Most of them are separable: Noun objects can go after the particle or between the verb and the particle. *If it is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle. |
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Phrasal verbs: Intransitive |
These verbs dont have an object. They are always inseparable. Examples: Catch on Go ahead Show up Sit down |
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Phrasal verbs: Some can be transitive and intransitive |
He called me back He called back. |
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Phrasal verbs: Prepositions |
Some phrasal verbs are used in combination with prepositions such as of, to, with, at, for. They are usually inseparable: Come up with something Drop out of something Keep up with something |
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Adjective Clauses |
They are used to identify or give additional information about nouns. They can also identify or describe indefinite pronouns such as one, someone, somebody, something, another and other(s). |
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Sentences with adjective clauses |
They can be considered as a combination of two sentences. |
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Adjective clause |
It directly follows the noun or pronoun it is identifying or describing. Example: I have a friend who is an extrovert. It comes after the main clause or inside the main clause. Example: Lea, who lives in Rome, calls often. |
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Adjective clauses: Subject relative pronouns |
Begin with relative pronouns. Relative pronouns that can be the subject of the clause are who, that, which and whose |
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Relative pronouns |
They always have the same form. They do not change for singular or plural, males or females. |
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Verb in the adjective clause |
It is singular if the subject relative pronoun refers to a singular noun or pronoun. Ben is my friend who lives in Boston. |
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Adjective clauses: Identifying and nonidentifying |
Identifying: In this one, the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun it refers to. Non-identifying: In this one the adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it refers to. It is NOT necessary to identify the noun. Important: Do not use that to introduce nonidentifying adjective clauses. Use who for people and which for places and things. |
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Adjective clauses: Writing |
We should use commas to separate a nonidentifying adjective clause from the rest of the sentence. |
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Adjective clauses: Object Relative Pronouns |
A relative pronoun can be the object of an adjective clause. Relative pronouns come at the beginning of the adjective clause. Object relative pronoun is followed by the subject and the verb of the adjective clause. Example: I like the columns which he writes. |
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Relative pronouns |
Can be left out in an identifying adjective clause. They are: who(m), that, which and whose. She´s the write whom I met. I read a book that she wrote. When and where are used for places. |
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Modals |
They auxiliary verbs. Modals and similar expressions are used to express: a. Social functions (Ability, advice, necessity) b. Logical possibilities (conclusions, future possibilities) |
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Modals of ability |
Can Be able to Could Was/Were able to |
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Modals of advice |
Should Ought to Had better |
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Modals of Necessity |
Have to Have got to Must |
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Modals of prohibition |
Musn´t Can´t |
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Modals of conclusion |
Must Have to Have got to May Might Could Can´t Couldn´t |
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Modals of future possibility |
May Might Could |
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Advisability in the past |
We use: Should have Ought to have Could have Might have They express regret, specially with I and we. They often express blame or criticism. |
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Advisability in the past: |
In affirmative statements we use: Should have, ought to have, could have, might have. In negative statemens we use shouldn´t have, and ought to not have. |
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Speculations |
We use may have, might have and could have. They are usually based on only a few facts. |
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Conclusions |
We use must have and had to have when we are almost certain about our conclusion. Examples: The islanders must have had very sharp tools. They had to have been skilled stoneworkers. |
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Couldn't have |
It often expreses a feeling of disbelief or impossibility. |
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Questions about the past |
They usually use could have. Example: Could the Nazcans have drawn those lines? |
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Short answers about the past |
We use: 1. Been when the questions include a form of be. 2. Modal + have when the questions do not include forms of be. |
