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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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To what extent was Henry VIII's foreign policy successful during the period 1540-9? |
War with Scotland War with France Isolation |
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War with Scotland (success) |
satisfied Henry's lust for glory and recognition; exerted his dominance over Scotland |
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Success (York) |
- revenged his failed meeting - 18th September 1541 - Henry had marched to York with the majority of the court in great prompt, keen to impress his power on a region which had so recently supported the Pilgrimage of Grace James did not turn up = insult to Henry |
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Success (Solway Moss) |
23rd November1542 Scots led an army of 20,000 men to fight theEnglish at Solway Moss Scotsfled after little more than a skirmish Nota massive defeat Henrywas able to claim both victory and a significant number of Scottish prisoners |
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War with Scotland (unsuccessful) |
- expensive! Not worth the money spent - led to debasement of the coinage, taxation etc. - victory at Solway Moss not well established - Scots resented English control. Nothing achieved for the amount of money spent |
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Scotland (Treaty of Greenwich) |
- Treaty of Greenwich in July1543 - Marriage of Edward to Mary Queen of Scots - Henry’sinfluence in Scotland was rapidly curtailed |
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Scotland (unsuccessful Treaty) |
- Earl of Arran mislead Henry - Earl of Arran was trying to consolidate his own position of being King of Scotland - Earl of Arran and the Scots Parliament repudiated the Treaty of Greenwich (refused the Treaty) - Cardinal Archbishop David Beaton returned to power - The Auld Alliance was re-established between France & Scotland - Pro – French regent was in power |
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War with France (success) |
- partially successful, despite unreliable ally in Charles V (in July 1544) - Suffolk & Henry captured Boulogne, 18th Sep 1544 - drove French successfully from England, 1545 - Treaty of Camp = July 1546 = kept Boulogne for 8 years, got pension, and acknowledged as Head of the Church in England |
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War with France (Unsuccessful) |
- Alliance with Charles V broke - Charles made peace with France - Boulogne was the only prize to emerge from the expedition - damage done to finances - Boulogne not worth the money = Over £130,000 pounds
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Isolation (success) |
- religious & political isolation of England in the 1540s after (a) break with Rome (b) temporary peace between Habsburgs and Valois made England vulnerable - successful in fending off the possibility of an invasion by making a strategic match with the Lutheran princes (marriage to Anne of Cleves, 1540) |
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Isolation (unsuccessful) |
- lack of invasion mainly due to Charles' preoccupation with Turks and the fact that by mid -1540 the Habsburgs and Valois were once more at war - Cleves marriage (1540) lasted only a few months, failed in obtaining a strong Protestant ally. Unlikely that, had there been an invasion, England would have been able to defeat it |
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Conclusion |
- Henry’slast foreign adventure had been a futile disaster - Henry’sforeign policies of 1540s were the King’s own work – pursued by his own dreamsand ambitions§ Kingdirected policy - 1546= his councillors were urging peace upon him, ordered difference groups tonegotiate with France and the Emperor, each group unware of the other’sinstructions - Henrywas not up to the task of playing a major role in European affairsh - in some ways Henry achieved his aims, i.e. with the French war and capture of Boulogne - however these were mainly isolated incidents rather than continued successes, and the knock-on effect on England's currency was great Therefore: mostly FAILURE with a few isolated examples of SUCCESS |
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How far do you agree that Thomas Cromwell carried out a "revolution in government" during the years 1532-40? |
(a) Arevolution is a complete and radical change and break with the past. |
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Agree |
- the power of the King was significantly increased by the abolition of sanctuaries (1540),franchises and liberties (1536) |
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Agree |
- parliamentary representation and English law was extended to Wales (Act of Union 1536) and Calais |
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Agree |
- the monasteries were dissolved to increase the finances of the King - the dissolution of the monasteries removed the influence of the abbots from Parliament and the influence of foreign powers in England |
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Agree |
- four new departments of finance were established (Court of Augmentations, Court of Wards, Court for the First Fruits and Tenths & Court of General Surveyors) |
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Disagree |
- the departments of finance were very ad hoc and were amalgamated in the 1540s - there was little re-organisation in the administration of government - the nobility continued to wield a large amount of power in the localities; their authoritywas reinforced through the acquisition of property through the dissolution. |
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To what extent was royal authority weak 1540-7? |
-royal authority was not particularly weak during this period compared to the rest of Henry's reign - FACTION, HEALTH, WILL |
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FACTION |
Conservatives vs. Reformers Faction was influential, Henry's influence = plots against Cranmer & Parr |
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HEALTH |
- suffered from frequent mood swings, irritability and head aches - had to be carried around court on a type of sedan chair - difficulty walking - poor health made him easier to manipulate: -- Henry was bedridden - Leading conservatives arrested = the king's health, especially in his final few months, meant that he could be manipulated by others offering to ease his burden by doing his work for him |
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WILL |
- sealed 30th Dec 1546 with a dry stamp -- suggested that the king was not well enough to write bedridden - dry stamp by reformers = Edward Seymour - potential for manipulation in the will - who would take care of Edward VI |
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How successful was English foreign policy 1515 - 1529? |
Aims: To reclaim the crown of france, To be at the centre of foreign affairs, To establish himself as a powerful leader
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Success |
1513 - Battle of Spurs, Battle of Flodden 1518 - Treaty of London = a treaty of diplomatic importance, England to be noticed by other countries. June 1520 - Field of Cloth of Gold 15th August 1521- The Treaty of Bruges = H8 & Charles V |
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Not a Success |
- Treaty of London = It only lasted for a short time and inevitably war broke out from an alliance between Spain and England against France. 1525 - Amicable Grant = Wolsey tried to raise more money through the ‘Amicable Grant’ it depicted the anger within England itself. 1525 - Treaty of More - France & Charles V 1529 - annulment = Catherine’s nephew was Charles V, a may with great power. He threatened the Pope to not go ahead with the annulment. |
