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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the laws of thermodynamics and why do they matter with nutrition? |
Energy is never created nor destroyed. Rather, energy is transferred between entities. When we eat, energy is release from foods to form ATP. |
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For our regular functioning, what role do "new" nutrients play? What role do "stored" nutrients play? |
During regular function our bodies mainly use "old" or stored nutrients for energy. The exception to this is during longer duration exercise where the body will tap into stored and newly absorbed nutrients for energy. |
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What are the two most important nutrient/energy stores in the human body? How are they responsible for survival? |
Triglycerides and Glycogen. They provide energy for tissues in which they're already stored. They also provide energy for tissues and cells that don't have the capacity to store energy such as, the brain and red blood cells |
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Why are the bonds contained in ATP so important. |
because they release energy. It is this energy, contained within those bonds, that help fuel all of our cellular and metabolic processes |
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What is the body's "simple priority" when it comes to forming ATP? |
A.) Break the carbon-hydrogen bond contained in our carbohydrates, fats and protein sources B.) Use energy released to regenerate adenosine-phosphate bonds to form ATP |
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What are the three major energy regeneration pathways? Provide two main points for each. |
ATP-PCr pathway: -1st system that kicks in regardless of activity -Provides energy for roughly 10 seconds Glycolytic pathway: -Provides 80s of maximum ATP after 10s from PCr system -Breaks down glucose and glycogen Oxidative phosphorylative pathway: -Provides most of the ATP after 90s of activity -Highest capacity for ATP production |
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What are NAD+ and FAD? What do they do in the body? What nutrients are necessary to form them? |
NAD+ and FAD are hydrogen acceptors. Their role is to capture hydrogen molecules and remove them from our cells to be used in other metabolic processes such as the Kreb cycle. Vitamins that help make NAD+ & FAD: Vitamin B3 (niacin) and Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
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What are the five major carbohydrate metabolic pathways? Describe the main purpose of each. |
1. Glycogenesis: From glucose to store glycogen 2. Glycogenolysis: From glycogen to glucose 3. Glycolysis: From glucose to pyruvate 4. Krebs cycle and electron transport chain: Acetyl- CoA to ATP, CO2 AND H2O 5. Gluconeogensis: Non-carbohydrates to glucose |
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What is the purpose of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? |
A) They provide the structure of our plasma membrane B) The help regulate hormone function C) They help transport certain vitamins and minerals in the body D) They act as the largest fuel depot in the body |
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Briefly describe lipolysis |
Breakdown of triglycerides in three fatty acids and one glycerol. |
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Briefly describe beta-oxidation |
The breakdown of fatty acids in to Acetyl-CoA when fatty acids are needed for energy. |
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What are ketones? why would they be formed? |
Molecules produced by the liver when a) energy requirements are high b) carbohydrate intake is insufficient c) oxaloacetate concentrations are low due to insufficient carbohydrate metabolism |
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What needs happen in the body for fatty acid synthesis to occur? |
High surges of glucose and insulin cause carbohydrate metabolsim to increase without a parallel need for energy. This leads to excess Acetyl-CoA in the absence of high energy demand and these Acetyl-CoA units join to for new fats |
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What is Cholesterol? What functions does it have in the body? |
Cholesterol is a molecule that has several important functions; a) Cell membrane function b) Absorption of dietary fat c) Synthesis of steroid hormones (including vitamin D) d) Synthesis of bile salts |
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What is the role of HDL and LDL in the body? |
A class of lipoproteins that help carry cholesterol and and triglycerides throughout the body. HDL made up of the least amount of cholesterol and triglycerides. Help carry cholesterol fro cells and other lipoproteins to the liver where it can be excreted in bile. LDL made up of the highest amount of triglycerides and cholesterol. Deliver cholesterol and triglycerides to our cells for use in; membrane construction, conversion into hormones and storage |
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Describe the purpose of the amino acid pool and what it contains. |
The amino acid pool provide the material needed to build our biological structure, hormones, enzymes, immune chemicals ad transport proteins. Amino acid pools typically contain 100g of amino acids |
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What are the two major categories of amino acids? What three eventual fates do amino acids have in the body? |
Essential and Non-essential 1. Joined together to create new protein 2. Catabolized to form non-protein compounds (as in gluconeogenesis) 3. catabolized in order to transfer energy (regerate ATP) |
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Why would gluconeogenesis occur? |
To provide fuel during high intensity exercise To provide glucose for brain/nervous system function when plasma levels are low To provide fuel while fasting |
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What are BCAAs? What is their purpose during exercise? |
Branch chained amino acids metabolized in the muscle and can provide upwards of 5% of total energy requirement during longer duration exercise |
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When would something be "deanimated"? |
To form; glucose, ketone bodies, cholesterol and fatty acids To form Acetyl-CoA for resynethsis of ATP |
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What is the purpose of protein turnover and how is it regulated? |
To help us adapt by constantly rebuilding cells and tissues of the body in response to external or internal conditions. Regulated by several factors including: Nutritional intake Exercise habits Health status and illness Stress Hormonal status Genetic programming |
