Energy Nutrients: Proteins

Front 1

What are the essential amino acids?

Back 1

PVT TIM HALL

Hint 1

Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan
Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine
Histadine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

Front 2

What essential amino acid can for a nonessential amino acid

Back 2

Phenylalanine to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroylase within the kidneys

Hint 2

transaminates to hydroxyphenylpyruvate

Front 3

Tyrosine

Back 3

is a non essential amino acid made from phenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylase)
Partially ketogenic: fumerate (TCA), acetoacetate (to ketones)

Hint 3

transaminated to make neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, melanine, and thyroid hormones

Front 4

Serine

Back 4

Non essential amino acid synthesized from glycine and the coenzyme folic acid within the kidneys

Hint 4

Serine transamination creates pyruvate as its carbon skeleton
100% glucogenic

Front 5

PKU
phenylketonuria

Back 5

Metabolic disorder, inherited deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Cannot convert Phe to Tyr. Phe builds up and is excreted as phenylpyruvate.

Front 6

Which amino acids are 100% ketogenic?

Back 6

Lysine, Leucine

Front 7

What amino acids are 100% glycogenic?

Back 7

Upon deamination/transamination, their carbon skeletons enter the TCA cycle

Hint 7

Everything that is not 100% or partially ketogenic

Front 8

Which amino acids are partially ketogenic?

Back 8

Phe-Fumerate, Acetoacetate
Ile- Succinyl CoA, Acetyl CoA
Threonine-Pyruvate, Succinyl CoA, Acetyl CoA
Trp- Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA
Tyr-Fumerate, Acetoacetate

Front 9

Name the BCAA
(branched chain amino acids)

Back 9

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

Hint 9

Leu, 100% ketogenic (acetoacetate)
Ile- partially ketogenic
Valine-100% glucogenic (Succinyl CoA)

Front 10

Lysine

Back 10

Essential amino acid
100% ketogenic (acetoacetate)

Hint 10

Lysine + SAM = carnitine

Front 11

Carnitine

Back 11

Involved in FA transport.
Made in the liver, stored in the muscle.

Hint 11

Formed from methylated lysine
(Lys + SAM)

Front 12

Methionine

Back 12

Essential amino acid
100% glucogenic (succinyl CoA)

Hint 12

S-adenylsyl methionine (SAM) is a principle methyl donor
-DNA, RNA, N-containing compounds

Front 13

SAM

Back 13

S-adenylsyl methionine
principal methyl donor

Front 14

Homocysteine

Back 14

remove methyl from SAM to create S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) to yield Homocysteine

Front 15

Name the aromatic amino acids

Back 15

Pheylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

Hint 15

Partially ketogenic
Phe: fumerate, acetoacetate
Tyr: Fumerate, acetoacetate
Trp: pyruvate, acetyl CoA

Front 16

Tryptophan

Back 16

Essential amino acid
Partially ketogenic (Pyruvate, acetyl CoA)

Hint 16

Metabolized to melatonin and serotonine
Sleepy turkey

Front 17

Cori cycle

Back 17

occurs in the liver, allow that transport of muscle glycogen to serum glucose.
alanine can travel from muscle to liver, transaminate to pyruvate to undergo gluconeogenesis

Front 18

Alanine

Back 18

Nonessential amino acid
100% glucogenic
Released from muscles with glutamate, they transaminate with each other. (pyruvate/a-KG)

Front 19

Glutamine

Back 19

Nonessential amino acid
100% glucogenic, a-KG
Major ammonia carrier
Player in the Cori and Urea cycle and Arg synthesis (citrulline)

Front 20

Glutamine fxn

Back 20

ammonia carrier
released from MM with alanine during fast
component stress and HSP protein
levels increase during trauma

Front 21

Liver

Back 21

Principle organ that metabolizes dietary AA, except BCAA (MM).
Houses the Urea Cycle and Stage 2 of Cori.

Front 22

Basic amino acids

Back 22

Lys, Arg, His

all essential
POLAR, positively charged

Front 23

Polar amino acids

Back 23

Can be charged or neutral
Basic aa are positively charged (lys, arg, his)
Dicarboxylic aa are negatively charged (Asp, Glu)(acids)
Neutral/polar (Asn, Cys, Gln, Ser Thr)

Hint 23

Dicarboxylic amino acids are ACIDS
Neutral aa may be polar and non polar

Front 24

Dicarboxylic amino acids

Back 24

Glutamic acid (Glu)
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Negatively charged acids

Hint 24

Polar, charged

Front 25

Positively charges amino acids

Back 25

Are basic amino acids, also polar
Lys, His, Arg

Front 26

Negatively charged amino acids

Back 26

Are acidic and polar
Glutamic acid
Aspartic acid

Front 27

Pepsin

Back 27

Pepsinogen, a zymogen, is released into the STOMACH and is activated by HCl, and hydrolyses peptide bonds
creating large polypeptides, oligopeptides, and free aa

Front 28

Gastrin

Back 28

HORMONE that stimulates HCl release into the stomach

Front 29

Hydrochloric acid

Back 29

Denatures proteins in the stomach, by unfolding the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (NOT, peptide bonds (primary)
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin

Front 30

transferases

Back 30

move functional groups

Front 31

hydrolases

Back 31

cleave compounds

Front 32

Arginine

Back 32

essential amino acid
(+) polar
Metabolised in intestinal cells to yield citrulline and urea.

Front 33

Citrulline

Back 33

made from Arginine in enterocytes is released into blood to the kidneys to make Arg for tissues.
Also key to Urea cycle in liver (with Arg)

Front 34

Which 3 amino acids do not dominate or transaminate?

Back 34

Lysine, Histadine, Threonine
This makes them indispensable(essential) because they cannot synthesized

Front 35

Glutathione

Back 35

Antioxidant and aa transporter

reacts with H2O2, prostaglandin

Front 36

Carnitine

Back 36

FA transport, made from methylated Lysine (lys + SAM)

Front 37

Creatine

Back 37

Made in liver/kidney, stored in skeletal MM (95%) Replenishes ATP in rapidly contracting MM
Urinary levels an indicator of muscle mass

Front 38

Choline

Back 38

methyl donor, acetylcholine (neurotransmitter), lecithin, sphingomyelin

Front 39

Leucine

Back 39

100% ketogenic (acetyl CoA, Acetoacetate)
Essential, BCAA
Cholesterol syn
Stimulates Insulin

Front 40

Limiting amino acid

Back 40

The essential amino acid that is present in the lowest amount