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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 purposes of the male reproductive system |
Produce sperm and deliver sperm to the female Synthesis of male sex hormones |
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Purpose of the male reproductive system is achieved in 3 processes: |
Spermatogenesis Testicular production Delivery system (male reproductive tract) |
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Semen contains ______________ and ______________ |
gametes seminal plasma |
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Male accessory sex glands include: |
prostate seminal vesicles cowper's gland |
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Sperm is stored in the: |
epididymis |
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Sperm is transported in the: |
vas deferens |
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Sperm and hormone synthesis occurs in the: |
testis |
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Blood testis barrier |
physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules |
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The blood testis barrier is formed by: |
tight connections between the sertoli cells |
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2 functions of the sertoli cell |
Provides nutrients to the developing sperm Provides immunological protection |
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Fetal testis differentiates at the ______ fetal week |
7th |
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Testosterone synthesis occurs at the _____ fetal week |
8th |
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Genetic sex |
Interaction of sex chromosomes XX = genetic girl XY = genetic boy |
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Gonadal sex |
Comparison of ovaries with testes XX fetus = ovary XY fetus = testes |
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Phenotypic sex |
Comparison of the external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics: male, penis, beard; female, vulva, breasts Steroid hormones (T, DHT) and MIF (H)(AMH) |
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Birth certificate |
Legal document usually certified by the physician present at birth, but may not correctly state the gonadal or genetic sex of the individual |
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Somatic |
Comparison of the internal sex organs in the male and female |
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Sequential events egg + sperm --> _________ sex --> _________ sex --> _________ sex |
genetic gonadal phenotypic |
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SRY |
sex-determining region of the Y chromosome |
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What gene is expressed only in cells that develop into Sertoli cells? |
SRY |
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In the absence of SRY, cells develop into ____________ cells |
follicle |
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Sertoli cells express ___________ and other transcription factors and the autocrine factor ______________ that lead to differentiation and multiplication of Sertoli cells |
SOX 9 FGF9 |
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Recruitment of mesenchymal cells and differentiation into Leydig cells occurs in response to _____ and ______ |
DHH PDGF |
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Newly differentiated Sertoli cells secrete __________ and ____________ |
AMH inhibin |
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____________ stimulates development of the wolffian duct |
Testosterone |
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________________ inhibits development of the mullerian duct |
Mullerian-inhibiting substance aka Mullerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) aka Antimullerian hormone (AMH) |
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Internal male genitalia include: |
Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Epididymis |
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External male genitalia include: |
Glans penis Shaft of penis Scrotum |
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Testosterone is converted to DHT by what enzyme? |
5 alpha-reductase |
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The wolffian ducts, when stimulated with testosterone, become the: |
epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicles ejaculatory ducts |
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The mullerian ducts, in the absence of Sertoli cell mullerian-inhibiting substance (AMH/MIF/MIH), become: |
fallopian tubes (oviducts) uterus cervix upper one third of the vagina |
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In the presence of _____________, the genital tubercle, genital fold, genital swelling, and urogenital sinus become the penis, scrotum, and prostate |
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
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In the absence of ___________, the genital tubercle, genital fold, genital swelling, and urogenital sinus become the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and lower two thirds of the vagina |
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
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Until the ____ week of gestation, each sex has potential |
7th |
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Fetal ovaries produce __________, which supports follicular maturation |
estradiol |
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Each primary spermatogonium ultimately give rise to _____ sperm cells |
64 |
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A second meiotic division changes secondary spermatocytes into ___________ |
spermatids |
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Spermatogenesis takes ______ days in men |
64 |
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Asynchrony among germ cells ensures: |
a continuous production of sperm |
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Testosterone --> ___________ Estrone Estradiol |
Estradiol |
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Androstenedione -->__________ Estrone Estradiol |
Estrone |
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FSH acts directly only on ___________ cells |
Sertoli |
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LH acts directly only on __________ cells |
Leydig |
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Testosterone concentration in the Sertoli cell is ______ x greater than in serum |
100 |
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LH enters the Leydig cell and activates ____________, which goes on to activate PKA |
cAMP |
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Activation of _________ in the Leydig cell triggers the beginning of cholesterol transport to the mitochondria |
PKA |
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In the Leydig cell, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by what? |
StAR |
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Testosterone is regulated by _________ in the Leydig cell |
LH |
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In the Leydig cell, pregnenolone is converted to testosterone by ____________ |
P450 |
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The interstitial leydig cells in the testis are equivalent to _________________ in the ovary |
interstitial theca cells |
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The sertoli cells in the testis are equivalent to _______________ in the ovary |
granulosa cells |
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Sex steroids are transported bound to ___________________ and ____________________ |
sex steroid-binding globulin albumin |
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______% of sex steroids are free |
1-3 |
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Metabolism of sex steroids occurs primarily in the ___________ |
liver |
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Testosterone enters its target cell and can bind to its androgen receptor in which 2 ways? |
Directly After being converted to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5 alpha-reductase |
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Both testosterone and ________ may bind to the nuclear androgen receptor |
DHT |
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Which binds more tightly to the androgen receptor? Testosterone DHT |
DHT |
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During the prepubertal phase, does testosterone or DHT affect external genitalia (growth and differentiation-scrotum and penis)? |
DHT |
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Prepubertally, which hormone affects wolffian duct differentiation and growth? |
Testosterone |
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Estrogen resistance |
Mutation in estrogen receptor resulting in non-functional estrogen receptor |
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What does bone age assess? |
Closure of epiphyseal plates |
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Is DHT higher in men or women? |
Men |
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___________ mediates Inhibin B production |
FSH |
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Which is the major circulating form in men? Activin A Activin AB Inhibin A Inhibin B |
Inhibin B |
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Inhibin B is comprised of: |
an alpha subunit and a beta B subunit |
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Activins are comprised of: |
two beta subunits |
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Nocturnal GnRH begins around what age? |
10 |
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What is used to assess pubertal development? |
Tanner Staging |
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What is the number range used for Tanner Staging? |
1-5 |
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Prepuberty age range (in men) |
birth-10 years |
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Puberty |
10-13 years |
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Adulthood |
Starts at the completion of puberty, usually 16-18 years |
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Senescence |
Healthy elderly men maintain reproductive capacity >70 years men have a decrease of testosterone although levels remain within the normal range |
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Sperm production may decrease by ____% between the ages of 50-80 |
30 |
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Three peaks of testosterone levels are observed throughout life (in males): |
Fetal Neonatal Pubertal |