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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 purposes of the female reproductive system |
Development of female gametes (ova) Maintenance of the fetus Synthesis of sex hormones |
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Oogenesis occurs in the ________ |
Follicle |
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Estradiol synthesis occurs in the _______ |
Follicle |
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Progesterone synthesis occurs in the ________ |
Corpus luteum |
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Maintenance of the fetus occurs in the ________ |
Corpus luteum |
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During the menstrual cycle, ________ peaks just before a surge of FSH and LH |
Estradiol |
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The menstrual cycle includes 5 phases: |
Menstrual Follicular Ovulation Luteal Premenstrual |
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The luteal phase begins around day __________ in the menstrual cycle |
14 or 15 |
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The ovaries _________ during menopause |
shrink |
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(1)Primordial follicle -->(2) ___________ --> (3)______________ --> (4)Mature (graafian) follicle --> (5)_______________ --> (6)Early corpus luteum --> (7)___________ --> (8)Corpus albicans |
(2) Primary follicle (3) Developing follicles (5) Ruptured follicle (7) Mature corpus luteum |
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Ovulation |
Release of the mature ovum from the follicle into the fallopian tube |
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The process by which granulosa and thecal cell are converted to luteal cells is called _________ |
luteinization |
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Oogenesis |
Formation of the ovum |
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Ovulation occurs after ____________ |
the follicular phase |
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Approximately _____ ova are produced over a lifetime |
400 |
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Approximately ________ sperm are produced each day |
30 million |
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Mitosis only occurs during ___________ |
folliculogenesis |
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Ovulation occurs every ________ days |
28 |
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Germ cells (in women) are also known as |
ovum |
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At puberty there are approximately ___________ follicles present in the ovaries |
400,000 |
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At birth there are approximately ____________ follicles present in the ovaries |
2 million |
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The peak number of germ cells (7 million) occurs around _______________ |
2-3 months before birth |
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Folliculogenesis begins _____________ |
in fetal life |
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An primary follicle is an _____________ |
oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells |
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Ovum vs. oocyte |
An ovum is the mature germ cell, whereas the oocyte is still immature |
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A __________ follicle has an antrum |
secondary |
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Theca cells produce _____________ in response to LH |
androgens |
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Activin releases __________ |
FSH |
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____________ suppresses FSH |
Inhibin |
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Activin is produced in _______________ |
granulosa cells |
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Inhibin A is greatest in _________ cells |
luteal |
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Folliculogenesis |
Maturation of the ovarian follicle Progression of a number of primordial follicles to a mature graafian follicle |
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What does StAR do? |
Transfers cholesterol from outer mitochondrial membrane to inner membrane |
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Theca cells produce androgens in response to ________ |
LH |
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Granulosa cells respond to FSH mainly by aromatizing __________ to _________ |
androgens estrogens |
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By midfollicular phase, __________ receptors begin to appear on granulosa cells |
LH |
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Continued stimulation of ___________ and ___________ leads to proliferation of granulosa cells by midfollicular phase. |
FSH estradiol |
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In what portion of the follicular phase do granulosa cells become responsive to both LH and FSH? |
Late follicular phase |
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As the dominant follicle is selected, it acquires: ____ estradiol ____ FSH, LH receptors ____ blood supply |
Increased estradiol Increased FSH, LH receptors Increased blood supply |
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The preovulatory LH surge leads to: Increased cAMP Decreased cAMP |
Increased cAMP |
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The mature ovum is released ___________ hours after onset of the LH surge |
35-44 |
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Increased PGF --> Increased ____________ ---> Weakened follicle wall |
Collagenase |
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During transport, steroids are bound to which 3 proteins? |
Albumin Sex steroid-binding globulin Corticosteroid-binding globulin |
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Conversion of steroids occurs where? |
In fat and muscle |
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Androstendione ---> |
Estrone |
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Testosterone ---> |
Estradiol |
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Effects of estrogen on mammary glands? |
Development of the breasts during puberty Stimulate stromal tissue and fat deposition |
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Effects of estrogen on bone? |
Pubertal growth spurt Closure of epiphyseal plates Inhibiting bone resorption |
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Effect of estrogen on liver? |
Increased TBG synthesis |
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Effects of estrogen on cardiovascular system? |
Protective effects on blood vessels Decreased LDL, Increased HDL |
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Effects of estrogen on CNS? |
Feedback hypothalamus, anterior pituitary May protect cognitive function |
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Estradiol has _____x the concentration of Estrone |
2 |
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Estrone (E1) has ___% of the potency of E2 |
10 |
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How does progesterone affect BMR? |
Increases BMR |
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Effect of progesterone on cardiovascular system? |
Decreased HDL, Increased LDL |
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Within the brain, estradiol may inhibit or stimulate the activity of neurotransmitters that affect ____________ secretion |
LHRH |
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Kisspeptin at pubery drives: |
onset of fertility |
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In adults, kisspeptin is critical for ___________________________________ in both males and females and is controlled by negative feedback actions of gonadal steroids |
tonic episodic secretion of GnRH and LH |
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In adults, kisspeptin is critical for the ______________ -induced preovulatory GnRH/LH surge |
estrogen |
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Manipulation of kisspeptin signaling has the potential for novel therapies in patients with low or high _________ pulsatility |
LH |
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In health, an LH pulse occurs about every ______ minutes |
90 |
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Hypothalamic amenorrhea patients have ______ LH pulsatility rates |
low |
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Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have ____ LH pulsatility rates |
high |
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GnRH is regulated by 3 things |
Pulse generator Neurotransmitters Steroid feedback |
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About how long after ovulation does the corpus luteum become less sensitive to LH and regress? |
1 week |
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During a fertile cycle, what "rescues"/takes over for LH at the corpus luteum and stimulates it to secrete estradiol and progesterone? |
hCG |
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During a fertile cycle, implantation occurs on what day? |
Day 20 |
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Production of progesterone is highest during: |
pregnancy (250mg/day) |
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25 mg/day of progesterone is produced during the __________ phase |
luteal |
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2.5 mg/day of progesterone is produced during the _________ phase |
follicular |
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Progesterone production shifts from the corpus luteum to the placenta around weeks ___________ of gestation |
7-9 |
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During pregnancy, the serum level of which form of estrogen is consistently the highest? E1 E2 E3 |
E2 |
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During pregnancy, the serum level of which form of estrogen is consistently the lowest? E1 E2 E3 |
E1 |
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What are the 4 estrous cycle phases? |
Proestrus Estrus Diestrus Anestrus |
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Proestrus |
characterized by the hormonal changes that bring about ovulation |
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Estrus |
Follows/coincides with ovulation Is a short period when the female is receptive to the male and during which mating can occur |
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Diestrus |
The interim between estrus and the onset of hormonal changes |
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Anestrus |
A period of ovarian quiescence |
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In rats, the estrus cycle is __________ days in length |
4-5 |
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In rats, ovulation frequently occurs after what time? |
Midnight |
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In dogs, the period between estrous cycles is how long? |
7-8 months |
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In dogs, diestrus lasts about ________ days |
75 |
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In dogs, anestrus lasts about _______ days |
125 |
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Copulation does not trigger _______________. It is spontaneous. |
ovulation |
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The LH surge is triggered by activation of neuronal reflex arcs after copulation in which animals? |
Cats and rabbits |
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Monoestrus |
1 breeding season |
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Polyestrous |
Several breedings per year |
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Animals that are short-day breeders? |
Sheep Deer |
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Animals that are long-day breeders? |
Horses |
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Olfaction may be important in _______________ breeding |
seasonal |
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Sheep have ______ day estrous cycles during the breeding season |
16 |
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In sheep, ovulation occurs in the ______ half of estrus |
latter |
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In ewe, during ___________, estradiol can inhibit the activity of the GnRH pulse generator |
anestrus |
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Puberty begins _____ years sooner in females than in males |
2 |
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During puberty, unknown maturational change reduces neuroendocrine inhibition of ________ release |
GnRH |
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The median age of menarche is _________ |
12.4 years |
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Kisspeptin is a peptide coded by the ________ gene |
KiSSI |
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Human point mutations and deletions in KiSSI R were associated with impaired: |
pubertal development |
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Hypothalamic expression of KissI and KissI r mRNA is dramatically ______-regulated at puberty in rodents and primates |
up |
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Administration of exogenous kisspeptin resulted in ____________________ in rats and monkeys |
earlier puberty |
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Administration of kisspeptin antagonist ____________ pulsatile GnRH release in pubertal monkeys and delayed puberty in rats |
inhibited |
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Precocious puberty < ____ years (Caucasian) < ____ years (African American) |
7 6 |
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Precocious puberty is treated with _________ agonist |
GnRH |
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The decrease in age of menarche is likely due to improved ______________ |
nutrition |
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During menopause, negative feedback from the ovarian follicular hormones ceases and the hypothalamic-driven pituitary secretion of ______ and _________ is disinhibited |
FSH LH |
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Describe the disregulation of the thermoregulatory system in menopause |
Negative feedback from ovarian follicular hormones ceases, thus disinhibiting FSH and LH secretion from the pituitary. Declining levels of inhibin permit further disinhibition of FSH. A decrease in estradiol secretion from the ovaries leads to disinhibition of the thermoregulatory system. |
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What hormone stabilizes thermoregulatory centers? |
Estradiol |
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In the estrogen-progestin vs. placebo study, estrogen replacement was associated with what symptoms? |
Increased risk of MI, stroke, blood clots Increased risk of breast cancer Decreased risk of colorectal cancer Fewer bone fractures |
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Why is GnRH agonist used to treat precocious puberty? |
Constant exposure of GnRH leads to downregulation of FSH and LH |