Endocrine System - Saunders Review

Front 1

Addison's Disease

Back 1

Hyposecreation of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids) from the adreanal gland, resulting in deficiency of the corticosteriod hormones. THE CONDITION IS FATAL IF LEFT UNTREATED.

Front 2

Adrenalectomy

Back 2

The surgical removal of an adrenal gland. Lifelong replacement of glucococorticoids and mineralocorticoids is necessary with a bilateral adrenalectomy. Temporary replacement may be necessary for up to 2 yrs for a unilateral adrenalectomy.

Front 3

Chvostek's Sign

Back 3

A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear. The sign is noted in hypocalcemia.

Front 4

Cushing's Disease

Back 4

A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally increased secretion (endogenous) of cortisol, caused by increased amounts of adrencocrticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreated by the pituitary gland.

Front 5

Cushing's Syndrome

Back 5

A metabolic disorder resulting from the chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex or by the administration of glucocorticoids in large doses for several weeks or longer (exogenous or iatrogenic).

Front 6

Dawn Phenomenon

Back 6

A nocturnal release of growth hormone, which may cause blood glucose level elevations before breakfast in the client with diabetes mellitus. Treatment includes administering an evening dose of intermediate-acting insulin at 10 PM.

Front 7

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 7

The hyposecreation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, resulting in failure of tubular reabsorption of water in the kidneys and diuresis.

Front 8

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Back 8

A life-threatening complication of the diabetes mellitus that develops when a severe insulin deficiency occurs. Hyperglycemia progresses to ketoacidosis over a period of seveal hrs to several days. Acidosis occures in clients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, persons with undiagnosed diabetes, and person who stop prescribed treatment for diabetes.

Front 9

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 9

A chronic disorder of glucose intolerance and impaired carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin. A deficiency of effective insulin results in hyperglycemia.

Front 10

Hyperglycemia

Back 10

Elevated blood glucose level > 250 mg/dL

Front 11

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome

Back 11

Extreme hyperglycemia w/o acidosis. A complication of Type 2 DM, which may result in dehydration or vascular collapse but does not include the acidosis component of diabetic ketoacidosis. Onset is usually slow, taking from hours to days.

Front 12

Hypoglycemia

Back 12

Low blood glucose level (less than 70 mg/dL) that results from too much insulin, not enough food, or excess activity.

Front 13

Hypophysectomy

Back 13

The removal of the pituitary gland.

Front 14

Hypothyroidism

Back 14

A hypothyroid state resulting from a hyposecretion of thyroid hormone. The condition occurs in adulthood.

Front 15

Myxedema

Back 15

The most severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by swelling of the hands, face, feet, and periorbital tissues. At this stage, the disease may lead to coma and death.

Front 16

Myxedema Coma

Back 16

A rare but serious disorder that results from persistently low thyroid production. Coma can be precipitated by acute illness, rapid withdrawal of thyroid medication, anesthesia and surgery, hypothermia, and the use of sedatives and opiod analgesics.

Front 17

Somogyl Phenomenon

Back 17

A rebound phenomenon that occurs in clients with Type 1 DM. Normal or elevated blood glucose levels are present at bedtime; hypoglycemia occurs at about 2 - 3 AM. Counterregulatory hormones, produced to prevent furthur hypoglycemic, result in hyperglycemia (eveident in the prebreakfast blood glucose level). Treatment includes doses of intermediate - acting insulin or increasing the bedtime snack.

Front 18

Thyroidectomy

Back 18

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland to treat persistent hyperthyroidism or thyroid tumors.

Front 19

Thyroid Storm

Back 19

An acute, potentially fatal exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that may result from manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery, severe infection, or stress.

Front 20

Trousseau's Sign

Back 20

A sign of hypocalcemia. Carpal spasm can be elicited by compressing the barachial artery with a blood pressure cuff for 3 minutes.

Front 21

Functions of Endocrine Glands

Back 21

1. Maintenance & Regulation of Vital Functions.
2. Response to stress & injury
3. Growth and development
4. Energy metabolism
5. Reproduction
6. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Front 22

Risk Factors for Endocrine Gland Disorders

Back 22

1. Age
2. Heredity
3. Congenital Factors
4. Trauma
5. Environmental Factors
6. Consequence of other disorders

Front 23

Hypothalamus

Back 23

Activates, controls, and integrates the peripheral autonomic nervous system, endocrine processes, and many somatic functions, such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite.
Located in the diencephalon of the brain.

Front 24

Hypothalamus Hormones

Back 24

1. Corticotropin - releasing hormone (CRH)
2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
3. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
4. Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH)
5. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
6. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Front 25

Pituitary Gland

Back 25

1. The MASTER gland, located at the base of the brain.
2. Influenced by the hypothalamus
3. Directly affects the function of the other endocrine glands
4. Promotes growth of body tissue, influences water absorption by the kidney
5. Controls sexual development and function

Front 26

Pituitary Gland Hormones
(Anterior Lobe Production)

Back 26

1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
4. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
5. Adrenocortioctropic Hormone (ACTH)
6. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
7. Prolactin (PRL)
8. Somatorophic growth-stimulating hormone

Front 27

Pituitary Gland Hormones
(Posterior Lobe Production)

Back 27

** These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior lobe, and secreted into the blood when needed.

1. Oxytocin
2. Vosopressin
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)