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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are hormones?
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chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported by the bloodstream to reach target cells in other tissues.
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Are the effects of the endocrine system long lasting than the CNS?
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yes
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What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
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Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes.
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What is an example of an exocrine gland?
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sweat glands
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What is the largest group of hormones?
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peptide hormones
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How do protein hormones pass through the cell membranes?
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They bind to specific receptors on the cell surface.
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Are protein hormones first or second messengers?
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First messengers
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Do steroids have to bind to cell receptors?
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No because they are lipid derivative.
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What is negative feedback?
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a stimulus that produces a response that OPPOSES the original stimulus.
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What is positive feedback?
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A stimulus that produces a response that REINFORCES the original stimulus.
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Give an example of positive feedback.
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blood clotting
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Give an example of negative feedback.
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blood calcium levels
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What are the two types of regulating hormones?
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inhibiting and releasing
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What do the regulatory hormones control?
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the activities of the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the master gland?
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Pituitary gland
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What is TSH and where does it come from?
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TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. It comes from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
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What kind of feedback is TSH release?
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negative feedback
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What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?
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Stimulates the release of steroid hormones at the adrenal glands
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What is FSH?
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Follicle-stimulating hormone which promotes egg development in females and the secretion of estrogens.
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Which hormone is responsible for preparing a women for pregnancy and inducing ovulation?
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LH (Luteinizing hormone)
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What does Prolactin (PRL) do?
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production of mammary glands and milk in females
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Which cells are most sensitive to GH?
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muscle cells and chondrocytes
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How does GH help with creating energy?
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It breaks down glycogen from the liver into glucose.
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Which hormone stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce melanin?
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MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
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Where is GH released from?
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Anterior pituitary gland
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Where is LH, PRL and MSH released from?
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Anterior pituitary gland
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True or False: The posterior pituitary gland creates the two hormones it releases.
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FALSE
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What is ADH?
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decreasing the amount of water lost at the kidneys. it is inhibited by alcohol.
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Which hormone causes the uterus to constrict during child birth?
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oxytocin
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What are T3 and T4 responsible for?
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Increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, and growth and development.
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What does Calcitonin do?
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Decreases the amount of calcuim in the blood by putting it IN the bone.
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Which hormone has the opposite effects of Calcitonin?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What are the three glucocorticoids produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland?
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Cortisol, Corticosterone, Cortisone
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What is the principal mineralocorticoid?
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Aldosterone
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What does Aldosterone do?
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It stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions. This reduces urine output when extracellular potassium levels get too high.
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Where are androgens produced?
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cortex of the adrenal gland and the testes
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Which two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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When and where is Calcitriol released?
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It is released from the kidneys when PTH is present.
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Which hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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What is Renin?
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hormone released by the kidney in response to a decrease in blood volume or pressure.
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What is the chain reaction that Renin starts?
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Angiotensin in the liver --> angiotensin I-->becomes Angiotensin II in the lungs
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What is angiotensin II?
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strong vasoconstrictor which increases blood pressure and causes Aldosterone to be released.
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What hormone does the heart produce?
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Atrial natriuritic peptide (ANP)
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What does ANP do?
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increases sodium release and excretions from the kidneys. It also decreases Aldosterone which lowers blood pressure.
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What do alpha cells produce?
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glucagon in the pancreas
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Where is insulin produced?
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from the beta cells in the pancreas
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Which hormones do the testes produce?
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androgens (testosterone) and inhibin (during FSH)
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What three things do the ovaries do?
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Produce estrogens, secrete inhibin, and releases progestins
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What are prostaglandins?
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lipid hormones known as local hormones that only affect adjacent cells.
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