Endocrine System For A&p Ii

Front 1

Classification of Hormones (function)

Back 1

1. Tropic Hormones
2. Sex Hormones
3. Anabolic Hormones

Front 2

Define Tropic Hormones

Back 2

hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

Front 3

Define Anabolic Hormones

Back 3

stimulate anabolism in their target cells

Front 4

Classifcation of Hormones (Chemical Structure)
& where are they made from

Back 4

1. Steroid - cholesterol
2. Nonsteroid - primarily amino acids

Front 5

Types of Nonsteroid Hormones

Back 5

1. Proteins
2. Glycoproteins
3. Peptides
4. Amino Acid Derivatives

Front 6

Synergism

Back 6

combinations of hormones hav ea greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have acting alone

Front 7

Permissiveness

Back 7

occurs when a small amount of one hormone allows a SECOND hormone to have it's FULL effect on a target cell

Front 8

Antagonism

Back 8

One hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone; can be used to FINE TUNE

Front 9

Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action (& define)

Back 9

Mobile-Receptor Hypothesis - steroid hormone receptors are not attached to the plasma membrane, but seem to move freely in the nucleoplasm

Front 10

The ________ of a steroid hormone present determines ____________.

Back 10

The AMOUNT of a steroid hormone present determines the MAGNITUDE of a target cells response.

Front 11

Mechanism of Nonsteroid Hormone Action (& define)

Back 11

Second Messenger Hypothesis - (aka Fixed-membrane receptor hyp.) nonsteroid hormone binds to the receptors of the target cell, which then triggers a 2nd molecule with the cell (cAMP) to accomplish it's function

Front 12

Nuclear Receptor Mechanism

Back 12

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine are an EXCEPTION nad do not operate according to 2nd msg mechanism.

Front 13

List Steroid Hormones

Back 13

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

Front 14

What is a glycoprotein?

List Glycoproteins

Back 14

- Protein molecule with a carbohydrate group attached.

FSH
LH
TSH
CG

Front 15

2 parts of the Pituitary Gland:
List the hormones each produces

Back 15

Adenohypophysis: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH Neurohypophysis: ADH, OT

Front 16

What purpose does the hypothalamus serve?

Back 16

- Releases 9 hormones that stimulate the adenohypophysis to relase hormones.
- Controls pituitary gland

Front 17

How is blood from the hypothalamus taken directly to the adenohypophysis?

Back 17

Hypophyseal portal system.

Front 18

Prostaglandins (define)

Back 18

Hormone-like tissue hormones that affect many body functions including vasodilation(PGAs), uterine smooth muscle contraction(PGFs), & the inflammatory response(PGEs).
*rapidly metabolized so circulating levels are low*

Front 19

What is given to induce a women's labor?

Back 19

PGFs. They cause uterine muscle contractions and also affect intestinal motility.

Front 20

Lack of target cell response could be a sign of:

Back 20

Hyposecretion or a sign of target cell insensitivity.

Front 21

What connects the pituitary gland w/ the hypothatlamus?

Back 21

Infundibulum

Front 22

Adenohypophysis - composed of cells...classified by the secretions: (list cell & hormone)

Back 22

1. Somatotrophs - GH
2. Corticotrophs - ACTH
3. Thyrotrophs - TSH
4. Gonadotrophs - FSH, LH
5. Lactotrophs - PRL

Front 23

Growth Hormone, aka _______
- purpose
- what effect does it have on sugar?
- what is it an antagonist to?

Back 23

aka SOMATOTROPIN
- promotes bodily growth of bone, muscle, & other tissue; stimulates protein anabolism & fat metabolism
- HYPERGLYCEMIC
- antagonist to INSULIN

Front 24

Growth Hormone Abnormalities

Back 24

hypo - kids: Pituitary dwarfism
hyper - kids: Gigantism; adults - acromegaly

Front 25

GH Affets metabolism in these ways:

Back 25

- promotes protein anabolism (growth, tissue repair)
- promotes lipid metabolism & catabolism
- indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism
- indirectly increases blood glucose levels

Front 26

Prolactin
- secreted by:
- purpose:

Back 26

Adenohypophysis.
secreted during preganncy to stimulate breast development needed for lactation.

Front 27

Tropic Hormones -
- define.
- list.

Back 27

hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands: stimulate development of their target glands and tend to stimulate synthesis and secretion of target hormone.
- TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Front 28

FSH & LH are __________ bc they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads.

Back 28

Gonadotropins

Front 29

The hypothalamus secrets ___________ that travel through the _______________.

Back 29

Releasing Hormones
Hypophyseal Portal System

Front 30

Releasing Hormones influence the secretion of hormones from _____________ of the adenohypophysis.

Back 30

acidophils and basophils

Front 31

List of some of the important hormones secreted by hypothalamus into hypophyseal port:

Back 31

GRH, GIH - Growth hormone RH
CRH, CIH - Corticotropin RH
TRH - Thyrotropin RH
GnRH - Gonadotropin RH
PRH, PIH - Prolactin RH

Front 32

Pineal Gland
- info.
- purpose.
- secrets.

Back 32

aka - pineal body.
Member of 2 systems: nervous & endocrine.
- functions to support the body's BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
- secretes MELATONIN

Front 33

Thyroid
- physical layout & compisitin

Back 33

2 large lateral lobes and a narrow connecting ISTHMUS.
- composed of FOLLICLES: the site of thyroid hormone synthesis and PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS: site of Calcitonin prodution

Front 34

What is unusual of the Thyroid gland in comparison to other endocrine glands?

Back 34

After synthesizing a preliminary form of its hormones, the thyroid gland STORES considerable amts before secreting them.

Front 35

Thyroid Hormone:
- releases 20x more __ than __
- what is the principal thyroid hormone?
- T4 is a __________

Back 35

- releases 20x more T4 than T3
- principal thyroid hormone is T3
- T4 is a PROHORMONE (hormone precursor)

Front 36

Purpose of Thyroid Hormone

Back 36

helps regulate the metablic rate of all cells, as well as the processes of cell growth and tissue differentation

Front 37

Calcitonin - CT
- produced by:
- purpose:
- effect on Calcium levels:

Back 37

- produced by parafollicular cells in the Thyroid
- controls calcium content of the blood by INCREASING bone formation by OSTEOBLASTS and inhibiting bone breakdown by osteoclasts.
- DECREASES blood CALCIUM levels

Front 38

Parathyroid Glands.
- secrete:

Back 38

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), aka parathormone

Front 39

Parathyroid Hormone (aka parathormone)
- purpose (3):
- antagonist to:

Back 39

- stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone breakdown yielding Calcium and Phosphate
- influences kidney cells to secrete Phosphate OUT of blood
- INCREASES the body's absorption of Calcium from food

Front 40

How does PTH increase the body's absorption of Calcium from food?

Back 40

Activates VITAMIN D in the kidney, which permits Calcium to be transported thru intestinal cells and into blood.

Front 41

What actions depend on normal levels of Calcium?

Back 41

- Normal neuromuscular excitability
- Blood Clotting
-Cell Membrane permeability

Front 42

Thyroid Hormone Abnormalities:

Back 42

hypo - kids: Cretinism
hyper - Grave's Disease

simple goiter - when there is a lack of iodine in the diet

Front 43

Hypocalcemia does what?

Back 43

Increases neuromuscular irritability

Front 44

High blood Calcium levels cause:

Back 44

decrease in irritability of muscle and nerve tissue so that constipation, lethargy, and coma can result

Front 45

Grave's Disease

Back 45

- caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormone.
- autoimmune condition
- symptoms: unexplained weight loss, nervousness, increased heart rate, exophthalmos (protrusin of eyeballs)

Front 46

Cretinism
(caused by, symptoms)

Back 46

- caused by hyposecretino of Thyroid hormone
- low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development

Front 47

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 47

is elevated PTH which causes an INCREASE in blood CALCIUM levels and possible development of OSTEOPOROSIS and KIDNEY STONES

Front 48

Adrenal Glands consists of:

Back 48

Adrenal Cortex - endocrine tissue

Adrenal Medulla - neurosecretory tissue

Front 49

Adrenal Cortex
- layers and secretions

Back 49

1. Zona Glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids
2. Zona Fasciculata: glucocorticoids
3. Zona Recticularis - small amt of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

Front 50

Mineralocorticoids

Back 50

- important role in regulating how mineral salts (electrolytes) are process in the body.
- main one: ALDOSTERONE

Front 51

Glucocorticoids
- actions:
- exhibits _____ to Noriep & Epi
- secretions increase with _______.

Back 51

- gluconeogensis
- lipid catabolism as energy source
- exhibit PERMISSIVENESS to Norepi and Epi
- secretion INCREASE with stress

Front 52

List Glucocorticoids secreted by _______ of the Adrenal Cortex.

Back 52

- secreted by the ZONA FASCICULATA
- List: Cortisol, cortisone, Corticosterone.

Front 53

_________are secreted by the Zona __________ of the adrenal Cortex and are sex hormones.

Back 53

GONADOCORTICOIDS are secreted by the Zona RECTICULARIS and are sex hormones. (insig. compared to production in gonads)

Front 54

Adrenal Medulla
- composed of:
- secretes:

Back 54

- composed of neurosecretory tissue.
-secretes: EPINEPHRINE (80%) and NOREPINEPHRINE (20%)

Front 55

Pancreas
- composition:

Back 55

- composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues (99% of cells secrete digestive enzymes)
- Endocrine portion are the PANCREATIC ISLETS

Front 56

Pancreatic Islets
- surrounded by what kind of cells?
- contains a combination of 4 primary types of endocrine cells (list with hormone)

Back 56

- surrounded by ACINI cells
- types of endocrine cells:
1. Alpha Cells - Glucagon
2. Beta Cells - Insulin
3. Delta Cells - Somatostatin
4. Pancreatic Polypeptide Cells (F or PP cells) - pp

Front 57

Which cell accounts for 3/4 of all pancreatic islet cells?
Where are they usually found?

Back 57

Beta Cells

Usually found near the center of islet.

Front 58

Glucagon
- produced by what kind of cell, located where?
- Antagonist to:

Back 58

- produced by Alpha Cells in the Pancreatic Islets in the Pancreas
- increase blood glucose levels, producing a HYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECT
- Antagonist to INSULIN

Front 59

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

Back 59

- stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver cells
- stimulates gluconeogensis in liver cells

Front 60

What is gluconeogensis?

Back 60

fatty acids and amino acids convert to glucose

Front 61

Insulin
- produced by what kind of cell, where?
- action

Back 61

- produced by Beta cells in the Pancreatic Islets of the Pancreas
- promotes the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids OUT of blood and into tissue cells
- decreases blood glucose levels

Front 62

Somatostain
- produced where?
- primary role:
- inhibits:

Back 62

- produced by Delta cells in Pancreatic Islets of Pancreas
- reulates the other endocrine cells ofhte pancreatic islets
- somatostain INHIBITS the secretion of glucagon, insulin, and Pancreatic polypeptide; ALSO inhibits secretion of GH from Ant. Pit.

Front 63

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Back 63

- produced by Pancreatic Plypeptide cells (F or PP cells in Pancreatic Islets
- influences digestion

Front 64

Anabolic Steroids (define)

Back 64

Stimulates the building of large molecules (anabolism).

Specifically they stimulate the building of proteins in muscles and bones

Front 65

Gonads (define)

Back 65

primary sex organs in the male (testes) and female (ovaries)

Front 66

Testes
- composition

Back 66

- composed of mainly coils of sperm producing SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES and a scattering of endocrine INTERSTITIAL CELLS found in areas btwn tubules

Front 67

Purpose of Interstitial Cells

aka:

Back 67

Produce androgens (male sex hormones, mainly testosterone)

aka Leydig Cells

Front 68

What is the principel androgen?
purpose:

Back 68

Testosterone.
Responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexulal characteristics and for sperm production.

Front 69

How is Testosterone secretion regulated?

Back 69

regulated principally by Gonadotropin (esp LH) levels in blood

Front 70

Ovaries - hormones produced

Back 70

Estrogens: Estradiol and Estrone
Progesterone

Front 71

Estrogens:
are _______ hormones
secreted by ___________
purpose:

Back 71

Estradiol and Estrone are STEROID hormones.
Secreted by cells fo the ovarian follicles (corpus luteum & placenta).
Promote the development and maintenance of female charac.

Front 72

Placenta
- define
- produces

Back 72

the tissue that forms the lining of the uterus as an interface btwn the circulatory systems of the mother & developing child.
- Produces Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 73

Thymus
- primary role
- produces
- who is it present in?

Back 73

- primarily a lymphatic organ
- produces THYMOSIN AND THYMOPOIETIN
- large in children until puberty, and then atrophies

Front 74

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

Back 74

- critical role in development of the immune system.
- thought to stimulate the production of T cells (specialized lymphocytes)

Front 75

Gastric & Intestinal Mucosa
- hormones

Back 75

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin - Pancreozymin

Front 76

Secretin

Back 76

- released when acids make contact with mucosa...REDUCE acid secretion.

Front 77

CCK

Back 77

Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin

triggers gallbladder to release more bile.

Front 78

Chrelin

Back 78

acts by stimulating hypothalamus to boost appetite

Front 79

Heart-
- endocrine role
- produces

Back 79

has a secondary endocrine role

produces: Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Front 80

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
- purpose
- antagonist to:

Back 80

secreted by heart in response to a increase in the stretch of the atrial wall caused by abnormally high BP or Blood Volume
- ANTAGONIST to ADH

Front 81

Natriuretic

Back 81

refers to the principal effect of promoting the loss of sodium from the body by means of the urine