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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
2 types of Glands
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1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine Glands |
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Endocrine glands
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Glands that release chemicals directly into the blood.
Endocrine glands secrete their products (hormones) into interstitial fluid the fluid that surrounds tissue cells. |
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Exocrine glands
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Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that carry their secretions into a body cavity, into the lumen of an organ, or onto the outer surface of the body. Sweat glands are an example of Exocrine gland.
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The endocrine glands include:
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Pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and Pineal glands. |
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In addition, several organs and tissues are not exclusively classified as endocrine g. but contain cells that secrete hormones.
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Hypothalamus,
thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta. |
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The Pancrease Isa mixed gland because ?
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It is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
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Endocrine vs. Nervous System
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1. Endocrine system is slower acting.
2. Hormones are the chemical messengers in the blood. 3. Have " Target- Tissues" |
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Nervous System
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1. Very Fast
2. Electrical Signals 3. Nerves for transport |
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Differences between Endocrine and Nervous System :
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1. Speed
2. Infrastructure 3. Length of response |
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Basic Functions of Endocrine System:
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~Energy: production, use & storage
~Salt and Water metabolism & osmolality ~Growth and Development. ~ Reproduction function. |
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Characteristics of Endocrine Glands :
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~ Ductless - internal secretion
~ Rich Blood Supply ~ Produce Hormones |
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Strict VS Mixed Glands:
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~ Strict Gland : produce ONLY endocrine secretions
~ Mixed Gland : Pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine |
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Endocrine gland stimulation:
Neural stimulation: 3.Humoural Stimulation: |
~Hormone stimulation
TSH - Thyroid Gland. ~SYMPATHETIC OUTPUT~ Adrenal Medulla. ~CA++ - Parathyroid Gland |
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General Cellular Effects of Hormones:
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~Activates or Inhibits Enzyme Systems
~ Directing protein synthesis ~ Altering membrane permeability ~ Stimulate CELL Division |
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Hormone Chemistry:
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~ Amines
~ Peptides- Insulin ~ Steroids- Cholesterol |
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Hormones Functionally Catogorized:By Lipid Solubility
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~ Lipid soluability: Steroid & Thyroid
~Water Soluable: Peptide and most amines |
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Mechanisms of Transport of Hormones:
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~ if water soluable:FREE in solution, in Blood Plasma
~Large Proteins and Glycoproteins. ~ Bound to Large carrier molecules ~Steroids, small peptides, throid hormones |
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General characteristics of Receptors:
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~ Macromolecules
~ Signal Transducers ~extracellular-intracellular signals ~ Hormone-Receptor Binding ~triggers events-specific biological event ~Specificity-Affinity-competion & Saturation kinetics |
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Types of Receptors:
*2 Types* |
~ Intracellular Receptors
Lipid-soluable hormones (can go right-thru-cell wall) ~ Hormone is 1st & ONLY Messenger |
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Membrane-bound receptors:
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~Water-soluable hormones
**** SECOND MESSENGER**** |
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Hypothalamus LINKS Nervous System to the Endocrine System
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~ communicates with Pituitary
gland ~Produces neurohormones-released in the POSTERIOR pituitary ~produces regulator factors- ~Control hormonal release from anterior pituitary gland |
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Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis:
~ 2 main functional areas: |
~Anterior Pituitary-
Adenohypophysis ~Regulation by the hypothalamus |
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Anterior Hormones: 6
Posterior Hormones: 2 |
~Anterior Hormones:
1) Growth Hormone: ~ stimulates protein synthesis & growth 2) Prolactin; in females stimulates milk produxn 3) TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: Stimulates Thyroid to produce and secrete Throxin 4) ACTH- Adenocorticotropic Hormone:Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce glucocoticoids 5) Gonadotropic Hormones: ~ FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone:Females: Stimulating follicles in the ovaries and their PRODUCTION of ESTROGEN Males: Stimulates spermatogenisis 6)LH- LUTENIZING Hormone: Females: stimulates ovulation Males: Stimulates producyion of TESTOSTERONE |
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Prolactin:
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~ in females stimulates milk production
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH) |
~Stimulates thyroid to: produce & secrete thyroxin
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Adenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH) |
~stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce glucocorticoids
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Anterior pituitary hormone-
Gonadotropic Hormones: |
~ Follicle Stimulatiung Hormone ( FSH)
~Females: Stimulating development of follicles in the ovary & their production of estrogen ~ Males: stimulates production of spermatogenisis |
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Lutenizing Hormone: (LH)
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~Females: stimulates
Ovulation ~ Males: stimulates ~ production of Testosterone |
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Posterior Pituitary
~ or Neurohyphysis |
~Releases ADH and Oxytocin
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~ Neurohypophysis- terminal
axonal end of neurosecretory cells. |
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Oxytocin
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~ stimulates LABOR contractions
~ stimulates milk ejection |
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Hormones Functionally Catogorized:By Lipid Solubility
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~ Lipid soluability: Steroid & Thyroid
~Water Soluable: Peptide and most amines |
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Mechanisms of Transport of Hormones:
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~ if water soluable:FREE in solution, in Blood Plasma
~Large Proteins and Glycoproteins. ~ Bound to Large carrier molecules ~Steroids, small peptides, throid hormones |
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General characteristics of Receptors:
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~ Macromolecules
~ Signal Transducers ~extracellular-intracellular signals ~ Hormone-Receptor Binding ~triggers events-specific biological event ~Specificity-Affinity-competion & Saturation kinetics |
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Types of Receptors:
*2 Types* |
~ Intracellular Receptors
Lipid-soluable hormones (can go right-thru-cell wall) ~ Hormone is 1st Messenger |
~Cyclic Amp ( cAMP) is a
*** Second Messenger**** |
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Membrane-bound receptors:
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~Water-soluable hormones
**** SECOND MESSENGER**** cAMP is a second messenger |
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Hypothalamus LINKS Nervous System to the Endocrine System
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~ communicates with Pituitary
gland ~Produces neurohormones-released in the POSTERIOR pituitary ~produces regulator factors- ~Control hormonal release from anterior pituitary gland |
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Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis:
~ 2 main functional areas: |
~Anterior Pituitary-
Adenohypophysis ~Regulation by the hypothalamus |
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Anterior Hormones: 6
Posterior Hormones: 2 |
~Anterior Hormones:
1) Growth Hormone:(GH) ~ stimulates protein synthesis & growth |
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Prolactin:
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~ in females stimulates milk production
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH) |
~Stimulates thyroid to: produce & secrete thyroxin
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Adenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH) |
~stimulates Adrenal Cortex to produce glucocorticoids
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Anterior pituitary hormone-
Gonadotropic Hormones: |
~ Follicle Stimulatiung Hormone ( FSH)
~Females: Stimulating development of follicles in the ovary & their production of estrogen ~ Males: stimulates production of spermatogenisis |
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Lutenizing Hormone: (LH)
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~Females: stimulates
Ovulation ~ Males: stimulates ~ production of Testosterone |
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Poserior Pituitary
~ or Neurohyphysis |
~Releases ADH and Oxytocin
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Oxytocin
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~ stimulates LABOR contractions
~ stimulates milk ejection |
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