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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrinology involves the study of the endocrine organs and ______________.
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hormones
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Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
Adenoid gland Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Thyroid gland |
Adenoid gland
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Autocrines are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.
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False
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Steroids are synthesized from:
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cholesterol
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Any given hormone will influence the activity of ___________.
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its target cells
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In which of the following mechanisms of hormone action do intracellular calcium ions act as a final mediator?
DAG cGMP PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism cAMP |
PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism
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Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.
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True
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When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is called _____.
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antagonism
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Which of the following occurs within a negative feedback system?
As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is promoted. As hormone levels decrease, hormone release is inhibited. Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release. As hormone levels rise, hormone release is promoted. |
Target organ effects inhibit further hormone release.
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Which of the following is not one of the three major types of stimuli to trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones?
neural stimuli humoral stimuli hormonal stimuli endocrinal stimuli |
endocrinal stimuli
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The anterior pituitary is known as the "master endocrine gland" because it controls the hypothalamus.
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False
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Which of the following stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide?
Growth hormone Pro-opiomelanocortin Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Tropins |
Growth hormone
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Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone?
Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism Elephantiasis |
Pituitary dwarfism
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Which of the following hormones stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production?
Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Growth hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone |
Follicle-stimulating hormone
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As blood levels of ___________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.
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oxytocin
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Which of the following is not one of the areas in which thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role?
Regulating tissue growth and development Normal skeletal and nervous system development and maturation Helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload Maintaining blood pressure |
Helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload
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The cells found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone are called _______.
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chief cells
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Which of the following conditions, if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death?
Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism |
Hypoparathyroidism
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Which of the following homeostatic imbalances usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
Addison's disease Cretinism Graves' disease Cushing's syndrome |
Addison's disease
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Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?
Pituitary Pancreas Kidneys Thymus |
Kidneys
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Steroid hormones influence cellular activities by:
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binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex.
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Sympathetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of:
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epinephrine
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The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include:
steroid hormones. protein-based hormones. amino acid-based hormones. cholesterol-containing hormones. glucose-containing hormones. |
glucose-containing hormones.
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The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:
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TH
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The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of:
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humoral stimuli.
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The stimulus for producing insulin is:
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high blood glucose concentration.
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The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of:
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steroid hormones.
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Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Zinc Copper Sulfur Iron Iodine |
Iodine
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The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the:
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anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).
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Which of the following signals would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into the extracellular fluid?
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Paracrine
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Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full effect without another hormone?
Synergism Antagonism Assertiveness Permissiveness |
Permissiveness
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Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but, rather, a trophic substance?
Glucagon TSH Aldosterone Calcitonin Thyroid hormone |
THS
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Which of the following organs is considered a neuroendocrine organ?
Pancreas Adrenal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary |
Hypothalamus
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Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they:
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they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones.
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How do protein kinases affect enzymes?
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They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.
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The "hormone response element" is located on the cell:
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DNA
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The binding of a hormone to its "hormone response element" would lead to the:
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transcription of the DNA for the gene that is "turned on" by this event.
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Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest:
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half-life
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The normal endocrine controls can be directly overridden by the _________ system.
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nervous
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POMC is a prohormone for:
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ACTH
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Excess growth hormone would cause all the following, except:
suppression of cancer. acromegally in adults. giantism in children. diabetes. |
suppression of cancer.
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Hypersecretion of ADH can occur in all of the following situations, except:
after neurosurgery. ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer. damage to the pineal gland. after general anesthesia. |
damage to the pineal gland.
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Iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by:
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peroxidase enzymes.
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A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by:
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deficiency of thyroxin.
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Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by:
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an increase in the parathyroid hormone.
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Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following, except the:
brain. skeletal muscle. myocardium. adipose. |
brain.
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Resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone produced by the:
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adipose tissue.
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Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?
Melatonin Erythropoietin Rennin Cholecalciferol |
Cholecalciferol
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Somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on:
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cells other than those that secrete it.
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Drinking alcoholic beverages decreases urine output because it causes increased activity by ADH.
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False
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FSH and LH cause the maturation of the follicle cells of the thyroid gland.
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False
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Sympathetic nerve stimulation causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
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True
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The destruction of beta cells of the pancreas is an autoimmune condition characteristic of adult onset diabetes.
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False
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The hormones of the thymus gland are essential in the formation of immune cells.
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True
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The pancreas is considered both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.
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True
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The secretion of melatonin follows a night-day cycle, becoming low at night and high during daylight.
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False
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The skin, the heart, and the kidneys contain cells or tissues that produce hormones.
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True
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The synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by a positive-feedback system.
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False
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The target tissues for oxytocin are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands.
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True
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Hormones are chemical substances secreted into synapses by neurons.
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False
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Most hormones can be classified chemically as either amino-acid based or steroids.
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True
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Hormones are "long-distance" chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.
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True
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Local hormones are secreted into the blood to travel to their destinations.
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False
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Hormones that are derived from cholesterol are called steroids.
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True
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Hormones may communicate with their target cells by binding to an extracellular receptor.
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True
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Hormones may communicate with their target cells by direct gene activation.
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True
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A hormone will affect all cells of the body.
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False
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The hypothalamus regulates activity of the pituitary gland.
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True
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Thymic hormones are involved in calcium regulation.
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False
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A hormone that exhibits antagonism will increase the action of another hormone.
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False
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Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na^+ reabsorption and K^+ secretion by the kidneys.
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Aldosterone
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A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics.
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Androgen
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the glandular part of the pituitary gland.
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Anterior pituitary
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Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume.
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antidiuretic hormone
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Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic). levels.
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Calcitonin
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Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.
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Cortisol
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Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates.
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Diabetes mellitus
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Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called adrenaline.
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Epinephrine
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Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones.
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Estrogen
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Hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood.
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Glucagon
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Hormone that stimulates growth in general; produced in the anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH).
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Growth Hormone
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are chemical substances, secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body.
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Hormone
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A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
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Insulin
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A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant.
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Melatonin
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Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland.
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Myxedema
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A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation.
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Norepinephrine
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Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.
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Parathryroid hormone
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A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain thought to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function.
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Pineal gland
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Posterior pituitary plus infundibulum; portion of the pituitary gland derived from the brain.
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Posterior pituitary
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Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum.
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Progesterone
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Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk.
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Prolactin
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A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells that acts locally as a paracrine.
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Prostaglandins
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Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.
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Testosterone
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Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones.
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues.
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Thyroxine
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