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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The endocrine system control the body through the use of __________
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hormones
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hormones are made by _________and secreted into __________
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glands, the bloodstream
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hormones have 2 classes:
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peptide hormones and steroid hormones
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What are peptide hormones?
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they are proteins that cannot cross cell membranes and they bind to receptors outside the cell. They cause rapid effects by turning existing enzymes on and off. (eg. insulin, prolactin)
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What are steroid hormones?
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they are made from cholesterol and can cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the cell. They are slower and cause their effects by biding to DNA and changing which genes get transcribed. (eg. estrogen, testosterone)
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organs that are affected by a particular hormone are _____
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target organs
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what is the master endocrine organ?
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the pituitary gland
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the pituitary gland has two lobes:
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the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe
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What are the six hormones that the pituitary gland makes and secretes?
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growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin
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Which hormone targets all tissues and organs and cause them to grow? It stimulates cell-turnover rate and is especially important in childhood and adolescence.
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growth hormone (GH)
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Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones?
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Which hormone stimulates the gonads (reproductive organs) and cause the ovaries to mature and release estrogen and the testes to make sperm?
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Which hormone stimulates the ovaries to develop a corpus luteum and testes to make testosterone?
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Which hormone is released after childbirth to stimulate the mammary glands to make breastmilk?
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prolactin
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The pituitary gland is controlled by which part of the brain?
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hypothalamus
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For every hormone released by the anterior pituitary there is a ____________ from the hypothalamus
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corresponding releasing hormone
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Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored and secreted by?
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posterior pituitary gland
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Which hormone causes the uterus to contract during childbirth and the release of milk?
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oxytocin
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Which hormone is also known as vasopressin and causes the kidneys to retain water?
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Where are oxytocin and ADH made?
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in the hypothalamus, they are transported to the posterior pituitary and stored there
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The thyroid gland secretes __________and________
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thyroxine (thyroid hormone), and calcitonin
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Which hormone increases the rate of metabolism for cells in the body?
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thyroxine
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What is hypothyroidism?
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low metabolism, gain weight, sluggishness, low level of iodine
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What happens when you have an overproduction of thyroxine?
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you get hyperthyroidism
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What does calcitonin do?
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It activates cells in bone that remove calcium from the blood and use it to build new bone
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There are ___parathyroid glands located on the ___________
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4, back of the thyroid gland
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What is parathormone? Does it increase or decrease calcium level in the blood?
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parathyroid hormone that activates cells in bone that dissolve the bone to release calcium into the blood. increase
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the adrenal glands have 2 parts:
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adrenal medulla (inner) and adrenal cortex (outer)
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adrenal medulla secretes________and_______
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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adrenaline is also known as
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epinephrine
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What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
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to increase the prolong the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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steroids
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What are the 3 main classes of steroids?
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glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids
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Which steroid causes gluconeogenesis and targets other body cells to use fats for fuel instead of glucose and increases blood glucose levels and metabolism?
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glucocorticoids
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What is the primary mineralocorticoid and what is its function?
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aldosterone, causes kidney to retaind sodium and water and increase blood volume and pressure
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Why are the sex steroids not important?
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the primary source of sex hormones are the gonads rather than the adrenal cortex
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What does the pancreas do?
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secretes insulin and glucagon and digestive enzymes
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What does insulin do? How does it affect blood glucose levels?
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takes glucose out of the blood for use in cellular respiration, stimulates liver to store glucose as glycogen. lowers it
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What does glucagon do?
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targets liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release into the blood (glycogenolysis). it raises blood glucose level
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What is the primary glucocorticoid?
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cortisol
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cortisol stimulates ________while glucagon stimulates_________
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gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
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male sex steroids
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androgen
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What is responsible for developing male secondary sex characteristics during puberty and for normal sperm production
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testosterone
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What are the female sex steroids?
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estrogen and progesterone
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the most common form of estrogen
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estradiol
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________stimulates the growth of the uterine lining in the first half of the menstrual cycle while ________maintains the lining in the second half of the cycle
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estrogen, progesterone
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