Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
6 P's of compartment syndrome
|
pain, pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia, pulselessness
|
|
comminuated fracture
|
bone splintered or shattered into numerous fragments. often occurs in crushing injuries.
|
|
impacted fracture
|
bone is forcibly pushed together, resulting in bone being pushed into bone.
|
|
greenstick fracture
|
bone is bent and fractures on the outer arc of the bend. often seen in children.
|
|
displaced fracture
|
bone pieces are out of normal alignment. one or more pieces may be out of alignment.
|
|
pathological (neoplastic) fracture
|
caused when bone is weakened either by pressure from a tumor or an actual tumor within the bone.
|
|
spiral fracture
|
fracture curves around the shaft of the bone.
|
|
longitudinal fracture
|
fracture occurs along the length of the bone.
|
|
oblique fracture
|
fracture occurs diagonally across the bone
|
|
stress fracture
|
results in the bone being fractured across one cortex. this is an incomplete fracture.
|
|
RICE
|
treatment for strains; rest, ice, compression, elevation
|
|
rhabdomyelosis
|
associated with muscle destruction (crushing), high fever, convulsions, or prolonged muscle compression (coma); CK levels 5 times higher than normal
|
|
calcium
|
normal= 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
|
|
phosphorus
|
normal= 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
|
|
alkaline phosphotase (ALP)
|
male: 45-115 units/L
female: 30-100 units/L |
|
CK-MM
|
normal=95-100%; increased in rhabdomyelosis, muscle disease; screening test for malignant hypothermia
|
|
diabetes mellitus
|
deficient production of insulin or body's inability to use insulin
|
|
prediabetes
|
fasting blood glucose= 100-125 mg/dL
|
|
secondary diabetes
|
caused by another chronic illness such as pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis or prolonged use of some drugs (Dilantin, thyroid hormone, thiazide diabetics)
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
must have 3 of the following: elevated waist circumference, triglceride level= 150 or more, HDL lower than 40 for men, 50 for women, BP= 130/85 or more, fasting glucose= 110 or more
|
|
fasting plasma glucose
|
level of 126 or more leads to dx of diabetes mellitus
|
|
HbA1c
|
6.5% or more leads to dx of diabetes mellitus
|
|
glucocorticoid (Prednisone)
|
most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is prolonged use of this
|
|
Glucophage
|
oral hypoglycemic that decreses glucose production
|
|
AGIs
|
oral hypoglycemic that reduces the rate of carb digestion
|
|
Sulfonylureas
|
oral hypoglycemic that stimulates insulin secretion and increases insulin receptor sensitivity
|
|
Somogyi effect
|
glucose rises in spite of increased insulin doses
|
|
dawn phenomenon
|
natural release of growth hormone and cortisol during the early morning causes hyperglycemia in the morning
|
|
ACTH
|
stimulates the release of cortisol; normal= 9-52 (5-29 for women on birth control)
|
|
TSH
|
stimulates thyroid growth and release of T3 and T4; normal= 0.4-4.6
|
|
PTH
|
increases absorption of calcium by kidneys and excretion of phosphate; normal= 8-24; most important regulator of blood calcium levels in adults
|
|
adrenal medulla
|
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
aldosterone
|
increases reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium; maintains BP and blood volume; normal= supine: 3-16, upright: 7-30
|
|
cortisol
|
goal is energy production (synthesis of glucose); direct stimulus is ACTH; normal=5-25 at 8 a.m., 3-16 at 4 p.m.
|
|
glucagon
|
stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose to raise blood sugar; released in hypoglycemia
|
|
T3
|
normal=70-204 ng/dL
|
|
T4
|
normal= male: 4.6-10.5 mcg/dL
female: 5.5-11 mcg/dL |
|
GH
|
normal= male: 0-5
female: 0-10 |
|
ADH
|
normal= 0-4.7
|
|
urine specific gravity
|
normal= 1.001-1.029
|
|
glucocorticoids
|
use can cause diabetes insipidus
|
|
dilutional hyponatremia
|
symptom of SIADH; s/s= bounding pulse, muscle weakness, personality changes, convulsions, coma
|
|
Sandostatin
|
drug used to treat acromegaly
|
|
Parlodel
|
drug that decreases GH levels to treat acromegaly
|
|
myxedema coma
|
complication of hypothyroidism; pt becomes hypothermic with decreased RR; tx= IV levothroxyzine (Synthroid)
|
|
thyrotoxic crisis
|
complication of hyperthyroidism; pt has increased BP, HR, high fever, coma; tx=acetaminophen
|
|
endemic goiter
|
goiter caused by iodine deficiency
|
|
toxic goiter
|
goiter that occurs with hyperthyroid state
|
|
persistant cough
|
symptom of thyroid cancer
|
|
hypomagnesmia
|
cause of hypoparathyroidism
|
|
pheochromocytoma
|
tumor of adrenal medulla
|
|
intermittent hypertension
|
most prominent s/s of pheochromocytoma
|
|
hypoparathyroidism
|
dx with positive Chvostek and Trousseau's signs
|
|
hypoparathyroidism
|
tx acute episodes with IV calcium gluconate
|
|
Adrenocortical Insufficiency
|
can be caused by prolonged use of corticosteroids
|
|
aldosterone
|
decreased amounts in adrenocortical insufficiency cause increased HR and decreased BP
|
|
cortisol
|
decreased amounts in adrenocortical insufficiency cause hypoglycemia and fatigue
|
|
Addison's disease
|
treat with glucocorticod and mineralcorticoid replacement
|
|
alkaline phosphotase
|
increased when new bone is formed; used to detect metastatic bone cancer and Paget's disease
|
|
CK-MM
|
screening test for malignant hypothermia
|
|
CK-MM, AST, LDH
|
screening tests for muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis
|
|
myelogram
|
test done on pts. of they can't do MRI or CT; stands you on your head to let dye enter spinal column; assess pt. for headache and n/v post-op
|
|
arthrography
|
examines synovial fluid to determine joint damage;maximum head raise 45 degrees for at least 3 hours post-op
|
|
gallium/thallium scan
|
moves to bone, brain, breast to look for cancer
|
|
arthrocentesis
|
aspirates joint fluid to decrease pressure and increase movement
|
|
electromyography
|
insert needles into muscle to determine pain level and amount of stimulation needed to move muscle
|
|
bone scan
|
pt must lay completely still for 90 mins and test must be repeated in 2 hr; used to visulalize entire skeleton; traces radioactive material through bone to show "hot spots" that indicate bone damage
|
|
strain
|
involves soft tissue/muscles; tendons are stretched
|
|
sprain
|
ligaments damaged from twisting movement
|
|
bursitis
|
inflammation of bursae; chronic if it lasts over 6 months
|
|
bursae
|
prevents friction between bone and tendon
|
|
Phalen's test
|
when wrist is flexed, the hand goes numb; if positive, carpal tunnel is diagnosed
|
|
acute compartment syndrome
|
swelling compresses copartments; 6 P's; pain is first s/s; tx= faciotomy (cut compartment to reduce compression)
|
|
fat embolism syndrome
|
fat clot travels to lungs and causes respiratory distress; can occur up to 72 hr post-op; 1st s/s= decreased LOC; place pt. in high Fowler's position and administer corticosteroids
|
|
CWCM
|
color, warmth, circulation, movement; asses q1-2h for 24 hr post-op and then QID and PRN
|
|
osteoporosis
|
risk factors= excessive ETOH use, smoking, excessive caffeine intake
|
|
Dowanger's hump
|
associated with osteporosis, pt walks hunched over and a hump is formed on dorsocervical area
|
|
kyphosis
|
associated with osteoporosis, spine shrinks and height decreases up to 6 in
|
|
back pain
|
1st s/s of osteoporosis
|
|
dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry
|
standard screening for bone density
|
|
Fosamax, Actonel
|
drugs that prevent/reduce bone breakdown for pts. with osteoporosis
|
|
Evista
|
drug that increases bone mass up to 2-3%
|
|
Forteo
|
drug given to pts at risk for fracture; can only be used for 2 years
|
|
Paget's disease
|
disease characterized by disorganized bone deposits; holes in bones; bones most often effected= spine, femur, skull, pelvis
|
|
Calcimar
|
drug used to decrease bone loss in pts with Paget's disease
|
|
osteosarcoma
|
most common and most fatal bone cancer; most often occurs in 10-25 yr old males; metastisizes to lung within 2 years
|
|
Ewing's sarcoma
|
most malignant bone tumor; s/s= leukocytosis, low grade temp, pain/swelling in pelvis and legs
|
|
chondrosarcoma
|
cancer of cartilaginous cells; occurs in middle age or older
|
|
metastatic bone disease
|
bone-seeking cancer; most often starts in prostate, breast, lung, and thyroid; s/s= pathological fractures and severe pain
|
|
primary gout
|
caused by an inherited problem with purine metabolism
|
|
tophi
|
urate deposits under skin and makes nodules, often on outer edges of ear
|
|
colchicine
|
drug used to tx acute gout attacks
|
|
benemid
|
drug used for gout to increase renal excretion of uric acid
|
|
systemic lupus erythematosus
|
life threatening; characterized by butterfly rash, photosensitivity, fatigue, weight loss, mucosal ulcers, alopecia
|
|
scleroderma
|
progressive disease characterized by tightening, hardening, and thickening of skin tissue; 95% have Reynaud's phenomenon
|
|
Reynaud's phenomenon
|
hands intolerant to cold; common in pts with scleroderma
|
|
osteogenesis imperfecta
|
brittle bone disease; characterized by triangular-shaped face, fragile bones, blue/purple sclera and smooth, thin skin
|
|
polymyositis
|
inflammation of skeletal muscle; tx= prednisone
|
|
dermatomyositis
|
characterized by a purple rash and periorbital edema
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
muscles atrophy; group of 9 disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness
|
|
osteoarthritis
|
most common connective tissue disorder;
|
|
Herberden's and Bouchard's Nodes
|
bony nodes on sides of fingers in pts with osteoarthritis
|
|
traumatic amputation replantation
|
wrap severed body part in cool, slightly moist cloth, place in sealed bag submerged in cold water
|