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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two types of hormones are there?
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steroid and nonsteroid
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What are specific cells that hormones must interact with inorder to cause its effect?
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target cells
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How does steroid hormone action work?
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The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane of the target cell and binds to specific receptors within the nucleus of the cell
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What type of hormones require second messengers?
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nonsteroid hormone action
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Hormones have a (high/low) effect at a low concentration
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high effects
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What is released in order to prevent overstimulation of target cells by hormones?
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enzymes to degrade hormones
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What hormone do pregenancy tests look for in urine?
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hCG
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Most hormones are removed from the blood by what two organ enzyme systems?
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kidney and liver
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What is down regulation?
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The number of receptors decreases after exposure to a specific rhormone
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What is up regulation?
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an increased amount of receptors on the target call and therefore and increase in sensitivity to specific hormones
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What is an example of a negative feedback system?
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If you have high blood sugar, insulin is released which causes uptake of glu from the blood, the decreased levels of glu inhibits further release of insulin
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What is an example of a positive feedback system?
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The release of oxytocin causes uterine muscle contractions which then stimulate increased levels of oxytocin
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What are three general groups of stimuli that endocrine glands respond too?
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humoral
neural hormonal |
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What is humoral stimuli?
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when the gland responds to a change in blood levels of a specific ion or nutrient (ex. response to low blood glu)
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What is neural stimuli?
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preganglionic stimulation, can be inhibitory or stimulatory
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What is hormonal stimuli?
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the release of hormones from one organ/tissue is directly associated with its own response to hormones
ex. TSH- thyroid- T3 & T4 |
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What is an organ that has both endocrine and exocrine function?
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the pancreas
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What are major endocrine organs?
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pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, ovaries, testes, panrease
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How is the pituitary gland stimulated?
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hormonally
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What are hormones that the anterior pituitary secrets?
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GH-stimulate growth/ regulate metabolism
TSH- release thyroid hormones ACTH-stimulates cortisol secretions FSH- regulate production of gametes LH- regulate production of gametes PRL- production of milk |
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What hormones do the posterior pituitary secrete?
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ADH- promote water retention
Oxytocin- contract smooth muscles and control release of milk from mammary glands |
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What causes diabetes insipidus?
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hypsecretion of ADH
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What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
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thyroid gland
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What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
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isthmus
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What two cell types are located in the thyroid gland?
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follicular cells and parafollicular cells
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What does the follicular cells of they thyroid gland produce?
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T3 and T4
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What does the parafollicular cells produce?
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calcitonin- lowers blood ca levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts preventing bone re-absorption while stimulating osteoblasts to lay down new bone matrix
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What is the function of thyroid hormones?
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increase basal metabolic rate, regulate tissue growth and development, and maintain blood pressure
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What does parathyroid hormone do?
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opposite of calcitonin, stimulates osteoclasts in the skeletal system, enhances re-absorption of Ca by the kidneys and increases absorption of Ca by the intestinal mucosal cells
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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corticosteriods
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What does the adrenal medulla release?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What kind of role do islets of langerhans have and where are they located?
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endocrine role in the pancreas
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What do alpha cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?
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glucagon which increases blood glucose levels
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What do beta cells in the islets of langerhans secrete?
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insulin which decreases blood glucose levels
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What is the cause of diabetes mellitus?
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hyposecretion of insulin
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What hormones do the pineal glands produce?
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melatonin and arginine vasotocin which regulate sleep/wake cycles
(melatonin highest at night) |
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What does thymus gland produce?
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thymosin- which is involved in the maturation of T-lymphocytes which plats an important role in the immune system
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What hormones to the placenta produce during pregnancy?
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hCG
estrogen progesterone hPL relaxin |
