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19 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Risk Factor: Acanthosis Nigricans (gray-brown skin pigmentations in skin folds) Characteristics: Fasting blood glucose (>126 mg/dL) [Normal Blood Glucose: 1) Fasting (70-100 mg/dL) 2) 2 Hours Post Prandial (<140 mg/dL)] Goal: Maintain normal blood glucose (average pre-prandial goal 70-130 mg/dL; peak post-prandial average <180 mg/dL) Treatment: Fixed daily doses of insulin (Type 1 and Type 2); Adjust pre-meal insulin dosages based on total CHO content of each meal using insulin-to-CHO ratio; Reduce insulin dosage with exercise Diet: Consistency of CHO |
Risk Factor, Characteristics, Goal, Treatment, Diet |
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Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) |
Definition: Measures % of hemoglobin that has glucose attached; Measure of long-term glucose control (60-90 days) Goal for DM: <7.0% (at risk for developing DM 5.7-6.4%) |
Definition, Goal for DM |
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Gestational Diabetes |
Risk Factors: BMI >30; History of GDM Complications: Increases risk for fetal macrosomia (LGA- large for gestational age) and fetal hypoglycemia at birth |
Risk Factors, Complications |
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Insulin |
Rapid Acting: Novolog and Humalog; take 5-15 minutes before eating; duration of 4 hours Short Acting (Regular): take 30-45 minutes before meal (burst of insulin to cover meal, 1 unit covers 10-15 grams Intermediate-Acting: NPH; onset 2-4 hours; duration 10-16 hours Long-Acting: Lantus; onset 2-4 hours; duration 20-24 hours |
Types, Onset, Duration |
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Oral Glucose Lowering Medications (OGA's)- Insulin Secretagogues |
Examples: Sulfonylureas, meglitinides (Glucotrol) Mechanism: Promote insulin secretion |
Examples, Mechanism |
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Oral Glucose Lowering Medications (OGA's)- Biguanides |
Examples: Metformin (Glucophage) Mechanism: Enhances insulin action, suppress hepatic glucose production |
Examples, Mechanism |
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Dawn Phenomenon |
Definition: Natural increase in early morning blood glucose and insulin requirements due to increased glucose production in liver after overnight fast; Increased need for insulin at dawn |
Definition |
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Acute Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes |
Ketoacidosis: severe hyperglycemia treated with insulin and rehydration Hypoglycemia: symptoms (hungry); treatment includes 15 g CHO from glucose tablets; If BG still <70 mg/dL after 15 minutes give another 15 g CHO |
Ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia |
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Long-Term Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes |
Neuropathy: peripheral and autonomic; gastroparesis Retinopathy: leads to blindness Nephropathy: leads to decreased kidney function |
Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Nephropathy |
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Postprandial or Reactive Hypoglycemia |
Definition: Overstimulation of pancreas or increase insulin sensitivity Goal: Prevent rise in blood glucose that would stimulate more insulin Diet: Avoid simple sugars; 5-6 small meals per day; spread out CHO intake throughout the day; Protein at RDA levels |
Definition, Goal, Diet |
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Hypothyroidism |
Definition: Deficiency of thyroid hormone (T4 low) Diet: Weight reduction |
Definition, Diet |
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Gout |
Definition: Disorder of purine metabolism Complications: Increased serum uric acid deposits in joints causing pain and swelling |
Definition, Complications |
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Hyperthyroidism |
Complications: Increased BMR leading to weight loss |
Complications |
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Galactosemia |
Definition: Due to missing enzyme that would have converted galactose-1-PO4 into glucose-1-PO4 Diet: Galactose and lactose free |
Definition, Diet |
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Urea Cycle Defects |
Definition: Unable to synthesize urea from ammonia resulting in ammonia accumulation Complications: Siezures Diet: Protein restriction (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg based on tolerance, age, projected growth rate) to lower ammonia |
Definition, Complications, Diet |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
Definition: Missing enzyme - phenylalanine hydroxylase - which would convert phenylalanine into tyrosine; phenylalanine and metabolites accumulate leading to poor intellectual function Diet: Restrict substrate phenylalanine (PHE) and supplement product tyrosine (TYR); Provide enough PHE for normal growth; Need for PHE decreases with age, infection; Avoid aspartame; Low protein, high CHO intakes may lead to increased dental caries |
Definition, Diet |
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Glycogen Storage Disease |
Definition: Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase in liver; Impairs gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
Definition |
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Homocystinurias |
Definition: Treatable inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism; Associated with low levels of folate, B6, B12 Treatment: Newly diagnosed patients receive increased doses of folate, pyridoxine (B6), B12 Diet: Low protein, low methionine diet if don't respond to treatment |
Definition, Treatment, Diet |
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Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) |
Definition: Inborn error of metabolism of the BCAAs leucine, isoleucine, valine Symptoms: Poor sucking reflex Diet: Provide adequate energy from CHO and fat to spare amino acids; Include small amounts of milk to support growth- gelatin may be used; Avoid eggs, meat, nuts, other dairy products |
Definition, Symptoms, Diet |
