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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adren/o
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adrenal
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adrenal/o
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gland
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hypophys/o
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pituitary gland
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oophor/o
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ovary
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ovari/o
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ovary
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orch/o
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testis
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orchi/o
orchid/o |
testis
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid gland
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pituitar/o
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pituitary gland
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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thyroaden/o
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thyroid
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thyroid/o
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gland
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diabetologist ****ALL
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doctor specializes in people with diabetes
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endocrinologist
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doctor specializes in glandular and hormonal illnesses
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nephrologist
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doctor treats people with kidney problems
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urologist
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doctor treats urinary tract problems---men with problems of genital organs impotence
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glands in endocrine sytem and hormoses secrete influence
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practically every cell, organ, and function of body
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chemical messengers
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hormones
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hormones transfer
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info instructions from one set of cells to another
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hormones regulate
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mood growth and develpment tissue function metabolism sexual function pregnancy and reproductive processes
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endocrine system
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ductless endocrine glands secrete chemicals hormones circulate via bloodstream NOT EXOCRINE GLANDS SALIVARY SWEAT AND GI GLANDS
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endocrinologist
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diagnose diseases affect your glands involve many systems and structures within body
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endocrine system is*****
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system of glands GLANDS are ORGANS MAKE HORMOSES
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hormones control
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reproduction metabolism food burning waste elimination growth development the way you respond to surroundings provide proper amount of energy and nutrition
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endocrine glands include
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thyroid parathyroid pancreas ovaries testess adrenal pituitary and hypothalamus
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what do endocrinologists do
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recognize and uncover hormone problems help restore natural balance of hormones in system
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endocrinologists
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conduct research to learn secrets of glands they develop new drugs and treatments for hormone problems
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problems endorinologists take care of
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diabetes thyroid diseases metabolism hormonal imbalances menopause osteoporosis hypertension cholesterol(lipid)disorders infertiltiy and birth control shortness short stature cancers of the glands
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most common endocrine diseases and disorders
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diabetes pediatric disorders thyroid reproductive menstrual disorders
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diabetes
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too much sugar in blood blood sugar control prevents problems from diabetes
problems in eyes kidneys and nerves lead to blindness dialysis amputation treatment diet meds insulin |
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thyroid****
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problems with energy levels muscle strength emotions weight control tolerating heat cold treatment rplacing thyroid hormone also thyroid growths or cancer swollen thyroid glands
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bone
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osteomalacia rickets soft bones osteoporosis weakens skeleton hormones protect bone tissues hormone levels drop bones lose tissue weaken menopause loss of testicle function aging risk for bone breaks disorders too much parathyroid hormone
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reproduction/infertility
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1 in 10 american couples infertile endocrinologists diagnose ant treat precise hormone imblance causes infertilty assess and treat reproductive problems glands hormone replacement menopause symptoms irregtular periods endometriosis polcystic ovary syndrome premenstrual sydrome impotence
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obesity and overweight
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thyroid adrenal ovarian and pituitary disorders cause obesity insulin resistance and gentetic problems
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Pituitary gland
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master gland controls other glands makes several vital hormones over or under production lead to infertiltiy menstrual disorders growth disorders acromegaly (short) too much cortisol Cushing's syndrom meds
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growth
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pediatric endorinologist treat kids problems short growth problems now safe and effective treatments available for abnormal growth
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hypertension
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high blood pressure risk factor heart disease 10% have hypertension too much ALDOSTERONE hormone in adrenal glands half of cases caused by growths can be removed with surgery
metabolic syndrome or a frowth called pheochromoctyoma may cause hypertension can be treated |
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Lipid disorders
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trouble maintaining normal levels of body fats HYPERLIPIDEMIA high levels of total cholesterol low density lipoprotein bad and/or triglycerides in blood linked to heart and blood vessel (coronary heart) disease strokes others
hypertension common lipid disorders higher risk coronary heart disease lipid disorders hypothyroidism drug use, steroid, genetic metabolic conditions lipid disorders conditions require special management metabolic syndrome polycystic ovary syndrome obesity special diets exercise meds estrogenreplacement therapy manage hyperlipidemia and others |
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endocrine system's effects on body and message-sending hormones influence
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operations of all body's tissues and organ systems
compared to nervous system, but less rapid and longer-lasting manner regulaitng slower processes metabolism and cell growth |
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hormones circulate throughout
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bloodstream
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each hormone affects
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target cells genetically programmed to receive and drespond to message
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hormone leverls vary and can be influenced by
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stress infection changes in balance of fluid and minerals in blood
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a gland is*****
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group of cells produces and secretes chemicals into body
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glands remove
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materials from blood concentrates or alters them secretes finished chemical product for use somewhere in body
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some glands release
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secretions to specific areas
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exocrine glands8*****8
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sweat salivary target skin or inside of mouth
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endocrine glands
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release more than 20kionds of chemical messengers or hormones into bloodsteam transported to exert effects on cells in areas of body distant from gland
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major glands make up endocrine system are*****
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hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroids adrenals pineal body and reproductive glands ovaries and testes also pancreas
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exocrine part of pancreas also produces and secretes
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digestive enzymes into intestine
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nonendocrine organs
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brain *****heart lungs kidneys liver thymus skin placenta
produce and release hormones |
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hypothalamus8***
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collection of specialized cells located in lower central part of brain primary link between endocrine and nervous system
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nerve cells in hypothalamus control
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pituitary gland
producing chemicals stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from pituitary**** |
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pituitary gland is
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no bigger than a pea located at base of brain beneath hypothalamus considered most important part of endocrine system
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pituitary gland called***
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master gland GROWTH
makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands |
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production and secretion of pituitary hormones influenced by
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emotions seasonal changes
hypothalamus relays info sensed by brain (environmental temperature light exposure patterns and feelings) to pituitary |
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piuitary divided into two parts
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anterior lobe***** and posterior lobe
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anterior lobe regulates
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activity of thyroid adrenals and reproductive glands produces growth hormone stimulates growth of bone and body tissues role in body's handling of carbs fats protein and minerals
prolactin activates milk production in women thyrotropin stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones and corticotropin stimulates adrenal gland produce cortisol and others |
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pituitary secretes
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endorphins
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endorphins
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chemicals act on nervous system reduce sensitivity to pain hormones signal ovaries and testes make sex hormones control ovulation and menstrual cycle
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posterior lobe of pituitary releases
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antidiuretic hormone helps control body water balance effect on kidneys and urine output and doxytocin triggers contractions in uterus occur during labor
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LIST OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND
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HORMONES SECRETED in both sexes
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hypothalamus
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thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH******
Gonadotropin-" GnRH Growth hormone-" GHRH Coritcotropin-" CRH Somatostatin Dopamine******** |
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pituitary gland anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
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GH human groth hormone
PRL prolactin******** ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH thyroid stimulating hormone FSH follicle stimulating hormone LH luteinizing hormone |
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pituitary posterior lobe neurohypophysis
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oxytocin*****
ADH antidiuretic hormone |
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pineal gland
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melatonin*******
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thyroid gland thyroid hormones good writeup
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thyroxine***** T4
triiodothyronine T3 Calcitonin |
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parathyroid glands
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parathyroid hormone PTH
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heart
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atrial-natriuretic peptide ANP
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stomach ******and intestines
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gastrin
secretin cholecystokinin CCK somatostatin neuropeptide Y |
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liver
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insulin-like Growth Factor
angiotensen***** thrombopoietin |
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islets of Langerhans in pancreas
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insulin*****
glucagon somatostatin |
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adrenal glands adrenal**** cortex
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glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids androgens testerone**** |
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adrenal glands adrenal medulla
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adrenalin epinephrine
nordrenaline norepinephine |
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kidney
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renin ******
erythropoietin **** EPO calcitriol |
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skin
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calciferol vit D3******
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fat cells*****
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leptin
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males only
testes |
androgens testosterone
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females only ovarian follicle
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oestrogens
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females
corpus luteum |
progesterone
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female placenta when pregnant
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progesterone
human chorionic gonadotrophin HCG END OF LIST |
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thyroid gland makes
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hormones regulate physiological functions in body manufactures thyroid hormone regulates rate body carries on functions
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release of thyroid hormones controlled by
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pituitary gland
LOCATED AT BASE OF BRAIN SECRETES THYROID STIMNULATING HORMONE TSH FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE FSH ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ACTH PURPOSE CONTROL ACTIVITY OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS THYROID OVARIES ADRENAL ETC |
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endocrine
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pancreas pituitary andrenal parathyroid testes ovaries
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thyroid located
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middle of lower neck below larynx above clavicles shaped like bow tie ******
2 halves lobes right and left joined by isthmus cannot always feel normal thyroid gland MAIN FUNCTION REGULATE METABOLISM |
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parathyroids attached to
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thyroid 4 tiny glands *****function together release parathyroid hormone regulates level of calcium in blood with help of calcitonin produced in thyroid
ABSOLUTE CONTROL OVER CALCIUM LEVELS |
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the thymus located in
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upper chest***** hormone secreting organ after puberty degenerates by 40 converted into adipose tissue
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adrenal glands shaped and located
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one on top of each kidney triangular *****
2parts each produces set of hormones different function STOMACH***** PURPOSE MAINTAIN SALT LEVELS IN BLOOD MAINTAIN BLOOD PRESURE CONTROL KIDNEY FUNCTION CONTROL FLUID CONCERNTRATIONS IN BOFDY |
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outer part of adrenal gland
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adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids aldosterone,cortisol,adrenal androgens influence regulate salt and water balancee in body
body's response to stress metabolism immune system sexual function |
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inner part of adrenal glands
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adrenal medulla producess catecholamines epinephrine also called adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart rate with stress
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pineal body pineal gland*****
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middle of brain secretes melatonin ******hormone regulates wake-sleep cycle
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gonads
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sex hormones ****males in scrotum testes*** hormones androgens testosterone regulate sexual development enlargement of penis height growth spurt pubic hair increases in muscle growth production of sperm
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female gonads
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ovaries *****located in pelvis produce eggs secrete female hormones estrogen progesterone breast growth accumulation body fat hips and thighs height growth sput pregnancy and menstruation
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pancreas *****produces (in addition to others)
NEUROENDOCRINE GLANDS OF PANCREAS PRIMARILAY DIGESTIVE ORGAN |
insulin gulcagon *******hormones work together to maintain steady level of glucose (sugar) in blood keep body supplied with fuel produce and maintain stores of energy
DEEP IN STOMACH CONTROL BLOOD SUGAR GLUCOSE METABOLISM OTHER ENDOCRINE CELLS DIGESTIVE TRACT |
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cardioversion
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given electrical shock for arrythmia *******
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FDA regulates*******
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manufacture and dispensing of controlled substances
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once hormone secreted travels from
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endocrine gland through bloodstream to target cells
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along the way
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special proteins bind to some hormones carriers control amount of hormone available interact and affect target cells
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target cells have receptors attract specific
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hormones each hormone has its own receptor each hormone will communicate only with specific cells that possess receptors for that hormone
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when hormone reaches target cell
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locks onto cell's sspecific receptors and hormone-receptor combos transmit chemical instructions to inner workings of cell
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hormone levels reach certain normal or necessary amount further secretion controlled by
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important body mechanisms to maintain level of hormone in blood
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this regulation of hormone secretion involves
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hormones itself or another substance in blood related to hormone
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if thyroid gland has secreted adequate amounts of thyroid hormones into blood
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pituitary gland senses normal levels of thyroid hormone in bloodstream and slows down release of thyrotropin pituitary hormone stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
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parathyroid hormone increases level of calcium in
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blood
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when blood calcium level rises
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parathyroid glands sense change and decrease their secretion of parathyroid hormone
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turn-off process called
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negative feedback system
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thyroid gland
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biggest gland in neck anterior neck below skin and muscle layers
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thyroid gland takes shape of
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butterfly 2 wings represented by left and right thyroid lobes wrap around trachea
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sole function of thyroid is
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make thyroid hormone
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thyroid hormone
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effects nearly all tissues of body increases cellular activity
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function of thyroid is to
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REGULATE BODY'S METABOLISM
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thyroid weighs
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less than an ounce in front of neck 2 halves lobers lie along windpipe trachea joined by thyroid tissue isthmus
below adams apple or larynx |
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during fetal development thyroid gland originates
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in back of tongue normally migrates to front of neck befrore birth
sometimes rarely located high in neck or back of tongue ligual thyroid or in chest |
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functiton of thyroid
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take iodine from foods convert it into thykroid hormones
thyroxine T4 triiodothyronine T3 |
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thyroid cells only cells in body absorbs
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iodine cells combine iodine and amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4
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T3 and T4 released into blood stream transported throughout body where they control
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metabolism (conversion of oxygen and calories to energy)
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every cell in body depends upon
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thyroid hormones for regulation of metabolism
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normal thyroid gland produces about
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80% T4 20% T3
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T3 possesses about 4 times hormone strength as
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T4
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thyoid gland under control of
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pituitary gland (peanut sized base of brain)
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when level of hormones T3-4 drops too low pituitary gland produces
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thyroid stimulating hormone TSH stimulates thyroid gland produce more hormones
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with TSH the thyroid will
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manufacture and secrete T3-4 raising blood levels
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pituitary senses and responds by
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decreasing TSH production
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thyroid gland like furnace
pituitarygland like thermostat thyroid hormones like... |
heat when heat reaches thermostat Pituitary turns off as room cools (thyroid homone levels drop) thermostat turns on (TSH increases) furnace produces more heat (thyroid hormones)
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pituitary gland regulated by
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hypothalamus gland part of brain produces TSH Realeasing Hormone TRH
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TRH tells pituitary gland to
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stimulate thyroid gland (release TSH)
hypothalamus equal to person who regulates the thermostat, tells pituitary gland what level thyroid should be set |
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hyperthyroidism Grave's disease
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over-activity
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hypothyroidism goiter enlarlged thyroid gland
Hashimotos's disease |
under-activity
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patients with radiation therapy to head or neck as children for
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acne adenoids prone to develop thyroid malignancy
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lumps
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nodule
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goiters removed for cosmetic reasons or compress other vital structures of neck
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trachea and esophagus breathing and swallowing difficult sometimes grow into chest
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thyroid cancer****
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common malignancy but excellent long term survival
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solitary thyroid ****nodules
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50% of pop will have nodule in thyroid majority benign
if malignant requires needle biopsy or surgical excision |
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hyperthyroidism****
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too much thyroid hormone
treatment radioactive iodine anti-thyroid drugs surgery sometimes all three methods appropriate surgery least common |
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hypothyroidism
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too little thyroid hormone present many years before recognized treated
several causes even pregnancy |
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thyroiditis****
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inflammatory process fever pain findings of hypo or hyper thyroidism
many causes |
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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autoimmune chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis common type of thyroidits
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De Quervain's Thyroiditis*****
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subacute or granulomatous thyroiditis less common than Hashimoto's
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Silent Thyroiditis*****
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third and least common type of thyroiditis
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1 thyroid produces T3/4
2 needs stimulation from pituitary gland TSH 3 needs stimulation from hypothalmus TSH Releasing Hormone |
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1hypothalamus TSH Releasing Hormone 2pituitary releases TSH 3 thyroid produces T3/4 |
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radioimmunoassay techniques
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measures circulating hormones ion blood
como of two or more tests usually detect slightest abnormality of thyroid function |
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low T4 level could mean
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*****diseased thyroid gland or non-functioning ituitary gland (not stimulating)
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pituitary normally releases TSH if T4 is low a high TSH level confirms
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*****thyroid gland not pituitary is responsible for hypothyroidism
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if T4 level low and TSH not elevated
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******pituitary gland likely to be cause for hypothyroidism
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If pituitary gland the is the cause could mean other problems because
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pituitary gland also regulates adrenals ovaries and testicles and controlling growth in children and normal kidney finction
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pituitary gland failure means
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other glands may also be failing***** other treatment than just thyroid may be necessary
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most common cause for pituitary gland failure is
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tumor ******of pituitary might also require surgery to remove
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modern measurement of thyroid hormones done by
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radioimmunoassay RIA
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RIA discovered by
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Dr.s Solomon Berson, Rosalyn Yallow
awarded 1977 Nobel Prize in Medidcine revolutionized study of thyroid disease and entire field of endocrinology |
