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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acromegaly
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too much GH
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how hypothalamus communicates with anterior pituitary
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hypophyseal portal system
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neurons in the hypothalamus that make stuff for the anterior pituitary
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parvicellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
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size of parvicellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
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short - don't extend all the way to the anterior pituitary
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neurons in the hypothalamus that make stuff for the posterior pituitary
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magnocellular
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magnocellular neurons
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project to the posterior pituitary
wait to be released |
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parvacellular hypophyseotrophic neurons
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release hormones into the hypophyseal portal system for the anterior pituitary
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size of magnocellular neurons
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long
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hormones released by magnocellular neurons
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AVP
oxytocin |
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AVP stands for
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arginine vasopressin
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ADH stands for
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antidiuretic hormone
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vasopressin AKA
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
AVP (arginine vasopressin) |
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most neurons in the hypothalamus are which kind
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parvicellular hypophyseotrophic
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3 types of hypothalamic neurons
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magnocellular
parvicellular hypophyseotrophic hypothalamic projection neuron |
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hypothalamic projection neuron
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regular neuron that communicates with other neurons
involved in ANS |
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hormones released from parvicellular neurons (5)
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CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone)
TRH (thyroid hormone releasing hormone) GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) GnRH Dopamine |
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CRH causes release of _____ from ant pit
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ACTH
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2 weirdo facts
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1. there is overlap between hormones produced by parvicellular and magnocellular
2. the arcuate nucleus also produces some hormones |
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3 types of episodic secretion
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circadian
diurnal ultradian |
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which type of episodic secretion is exactly 24h
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diurnal
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diurnal
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exactly 24 hours (episodic secretion)
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circadian
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episodic secretion that is around 24 hours
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hormones that are secreted in a diurnal manner
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GHRH
CRH cortisol |
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do naps increase cortisol
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no
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what time of day does cortisol peak
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4am
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examples of diurnal hormones
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GHRH
CRH cortisol |
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which type of episodic secretion is influenced by light and sleep cycle
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circadian
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what happens to circadian cycle under no light conditions
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runs longer
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hormones that are secreted in an ultradian manner
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GnRH
LH |
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ultradian secretion
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cycles are in minutes or hours
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how episodic secretion varies between females and males
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females have more changes throughout the day
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why episodic secretion can be complicated
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it can be ultradian and diurnal at the same time
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how do we know to turn on certain hormones when it is light or dark
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superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
takes nonvisual input from the retina more light = turns on clock genes light "resets" the pattern |
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part of brain involved in circadian rhythm
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superchiastmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus
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why the retinal input to the SCN is considered nonvisual
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doesnt involve the visual cortex
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2 clock genes
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cryptochromes (Cry)
Period (Per) |
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products of the clock genes
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TFs
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what do clock gene TFs do
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activate genes for hormones
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how is the clock reset
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dark ---> retina ---> SCN ---> SNS of spinal cord ----> pineal gland ---> melatonin
melatonin turns off clock genes |
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effects of melatonin (2)
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lowers body temp
drowsiness |
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where is pineal gland
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posterior to hypothalamus
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hypothalamic hormone in HPA (hypothalamic adrenal axis)
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CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
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ant pit hormone in HPA (hypothalamic adrenal axis)
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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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ACTH stands for
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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what activates the hypothalamus to produce CRH (3)
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cold
hypoglycemia fear |
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what type of hormone is CRH and ACTH
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peptide
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feedback in the HPA
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cortisol negative feedback on ACTH and CRH
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cortex
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outer part
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effects of cortisol (1 big 4 little)
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increased blood glucose
1. increased gluconeogenesis 2. increased muscle catabolism 3. GLUT4 inhibition 4. immune suppression |
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cortisol is sort of long term version of
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Epi
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3 layers of adrenal cortex (out to in)
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zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
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precursor of ACTH
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proopiomelanocortic (POMC)
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structure of POMC
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N terminal fragment
ACTH B-lipoprotein |
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look at slide 14
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ok
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where is POMC processed
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Golgi
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what can ACTH be broken down into (2 fragments)
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alpha-MSH
CLIP |
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effect of alpha MSH
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melanotropin stimulating hormone
makes you tan |
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Addison's disease (definition)
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insufficient cortisol from the adrenal gland
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causes of Addison's disease (2)
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autoimmune disease
adrenal cancers |
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word for not making enough cortisol from the adrenal gland
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hypocortisolism
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symptoms of Addison's disease
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1. fatigue/weakness
2. weight loss 3. increased pigmentation (due to ACTH and alpha MSH) 4. low BP 5. salt cravings |
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why pigmentation in Addison's disease
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loss of negative feedback --> high ACTH --> high MSH
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hypothalamic hormones in the HP-thyroid axis (2)
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TRH
SRIF |
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TRH stands for
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thyrotropin releasing hormone
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anterior pit hormone in the HP-thyroid axis
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TSH
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thyroid hormones (2)
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triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4) |
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T3
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triiodothyronine
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T4
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thyroxine
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SRIF stands for
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somatotropin release inhibiting factor
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SRIF
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inhibits TSH and GHrelease from the ant pit
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thyroid hormone time frame
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weeks-months
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effect of thyroid hormone
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increases BMR
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negative feedback in the HP-thyroid axis
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T3 and T4 inhibit TSH and TRH
SRIF inhibits TSH |
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hypothalamic hormones involved in the Growth pathway
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GHRH
SRIF |
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anterior pit hormone in the growth pathway
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GH
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what does GH stimulate
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1. growth and repair of bones
2. stimulates liver to secretes IGF-I 3. stimulates adipose to produce leptin |
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GH AKA
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somatotropin
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somatotropin AKA
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GH
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negative feedback in the growth axis
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IGF-I inhibits GHRH (hypothalamus) and GH (ant pit)
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effect of IGF-I
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growth
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effects of leptin (5)
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decreased appetite
increased energy output triggers puberty increases GH release decreases bone formation (Bad) |
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why obese kids hit puberty earlier
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they have more leptin
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only way to reduce leptin
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have less fat
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type of loop between leptin and GH
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feedforward
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hormones in the prolactin axis (hypothalamic)
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TRH/PRF
thyrotropin releasing hormone prolactin releasing hormone dopamine (inhibitory) |
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inhibitory hormone in the prolactin axis
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dopamine from the hypothalamus
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anterior pituitary hormone in the prolactin axis
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prolactin (PRL)
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where is prolactin made
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anterior pituitary
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effects of prolactin (2)
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1. differentiation of secretory cells
2. milk production |
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type of inhibition produced by dopamine on prolactin
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tonic inhibition
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maybe factor in the prolactin axis
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maybe stimulated by TRH
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feedforward in the prolactin axis
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suckling stimulates TRH (hypothalamus) and PRL (ant pit)
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other than prolactin, what does suckling produce
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estrogen
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HP-GOnadal axis hypothalamic hormone
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GnRH
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HP-Gonadal axis ant pit hormones
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LH
FSH |
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negative feedback in the HP gonadal axis
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testosterone
estrogen progesterone inhibin all inhibit hypothalamic GnRH and ant pit LH and FSH LH and FSH also inhibit GnRH |
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effects of LH and FSH in gonads (2)
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gametogenesis and maturation
steroidogenesis |
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what are the two types of feedback in the HP gonadal axis called
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short loop - from ant pit
long loop - from gonads |
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name organ involved in energy homeostasis other than gut
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hypothalamus
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role of hypothalamus
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sensing organ
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anterior pituitary develops from what
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Rathke's pouch
ectoderm budded from gut |
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stuff that gets produced in the ant pit during development in order of importance and timeframe
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1. POMC (ACTH needed for survival)
2. TSH 3. GH 4. prolactin 5. LH/FSH |
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causes of pituitary failure
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mutations in: receptors, structure, TFs
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posterior pituitary AKA
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neurohypophysis
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what causes vasopressin/ADH/AVP release from the neurohypophysis
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increased osmolality
decrease in blood volume/BP |
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inhibition in the vasopressin system
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dopamine from the NS inhibits AVP release
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effects of AVP/vasopressin/ADH
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increased Na and H2O reabsorption
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what measures Bv/BP
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carotid sinus receptors
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when BV and BP go down what else happens (other than AVP/vasopressin/ADH stimulation)
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RAAS
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where is oxytocin released from
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posterior pituitary
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effects of oxytocin (4)
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milk let down
uterine contraction parturition maternal behaviour |
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what signals oxytocin release (2)
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vaginal/cervical stimulation
suckling |
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what does not signal oxytocin release
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anything from the brain
it is directly from uterus or breast |
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other roles of oxytocin
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feeding behaviour
gastric acid secretion BP, temp, HR stimulation of glucagon secretion gonadotropin secretion stress responses tubule contraction and sperm transfer in testis |