Endo And Renal From Mcgaw-Hill And A&p Book

Front 1

refered to as the "master gland" by McGraw hill book

Back 1

Pituitary gland pg. 766

Front 2

the two parts of the pituitary gland

Back 2

posterior and anterior

Front 3

Anterior lobe of pituitary produces which hormones

Back 3

FSH
LH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
prolactin (PRL)
and somatotropin also called(GH) growth Hormone

Front 4

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland produces which hormones

Back 4

ADH also called vasopressin and oxytocin (OT)

Front 5

secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland is controlled by

Back 5

hypothalamus

Front 6

gland located in the brain beneath the hypothalamus

Back 6

pituitary

Front 7

small pea-shaped glands that are located on the surface of the thyroid gland. typically there are four glands

Back 7

parathyroid glands

Front 8

where are the parathyroid glands located

Back 8

on the surface of the thyroid gland

Front 9

This_____ gland plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone by releasing______ hormone

Back 9

Parathyroid
parathyroid hormone

Front 10

according to Mosby's, the anterior pituitary gland is also called

Back 10

adenohypophysis

Front 11

according to Mosby's, the posterior pituitary gland is also called

Back 11

neurohypophysis

Front 12

Thyroid releases which hormones

Back 12

Thyroxin or T4 and triiodothyronine or T3 also
Calcitonin

Front 13

what does Calcitonin released by the Thyroid do

Back 13

decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood by first acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown. With less bone being resorbed, less calcium moves out of bone into blood

Front 14

What are T4 and T3 hormones made of and where are they produced

Back 14

More abundant T4 = 4 idone atoms
T3=3 idone atoms

Front 15

what do T3 and T4 hormones influence

Back 15

They make cells speed up their release of energy from food. They stimulate cellular metabolism.

Front 16

according to Mosby's, where are parathyroid glands located

Back 16

on the back of the thyroid gland.

Front 17

where is the pineal gland or pineal body located and what does it secrete

Back 17

located in the middle of the brain and secretes melatonin at night and serotonin during the day. regulates sleep and wake cycles

Front 18

gland sometimes called the third eye because it receives and responds to sensory information from the optic nerves

Back 18

pineal gland

Front 19

small gland that resembles a pine nut located near the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

Back 19

pineal gland

Front 20

most significant hormone produced by the pineal gland

Back 20

melatonin

Front 21

what does melatonin do

Back 21

inhibits the tropic hormones that affect the ovaries, and it is thought to be involved in regulating the onset of puberty and menstrual cycle in women. Also helps regulate internal clock

Front 22

what kind of dietary deficiancey causes a goiter

Back 22

Low dietary intake of iodine causes a painless enlargement of the thyroid gland called a goiter. The gland enlarges in an attempt to compensate for the lack of iodine in the diet necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Front 23

where does ADH work

Back 23

ADH accelerates the reabsorption of water from urine in kidney tubules back into the blood. ADH acts to decrease urine volume.

Front 24

what part of the pancrease contains alpha and beta cells

Back 24

Pancreatic islets or
islets of langerhans

These glands are microscopic little clumps of cells scattered like islands in a sea among the pancreatic cells that secrete the pancreatic digestive juice

Front 25

Alpha or A cells secrete what

Back 25

glucagon

Front 26

What do Beta or B cells secrete

Back 26

Insulin

Front 27

what is glycogenolysis

Back 27

A chemical process in the liver accelerated by glucagon by which glucose stored in the liver cells in the form of glycogen is converted to glucose

Front 28

two atagonist hormones that regulate blood sugar

Back 28

Insulin and glucagon. Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration; glucagon increases it.

Front 29

where is the thymus located

Back 29

mediastinum and in infants may extend up into the neck as far as the lower edge of the thyroid gland.

Front 30

what does the Thymus secrete and what does it do

Back 30

Secretes Thymosin which is actually a group of several hormones that together play an important role in the development and function of the body's immune system.

Front 31

describe the anatomy of the thymus

Back 31

has a cortex and a medulla composed largely of lymphocytes (white blood cells) wheighs little more than an Oz.

Front 32

according to McGraw Hill what does Thymus secrete

Back 32

thymopoietin, thymosin, and other hormones

Front 33

when is Thymus its largest

Back 33

Puberty

Front 34

What are the parts of the Adrenal glands

Back 34

the Cortex and the medulla

Front 35

what does the Adrenal Cortex produce or secrete

Back 35

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)

Mineralocorticoids (aldesterone)

Androgenic, or sex, hormones
(like dihydroepiandrosterone)

remember sugar, salt, sex

Front 36

What does the Adrenal Medulla produce or secrete

Back 36

Epi and Norepi

Front 37

This condition results from hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormone by a tumor of the middle zone of the adrenal cortex

Back 37

Cushings syndrome

Front 38

It's most noticeable features are the so-called moon face and the buffalo hump on the upper back that develop because of the redistribution of body fat.

Back 38

Cushings syndrome

Front 39

What causes Cushings syndrome

Back 39

Tumors of the adrenal cortex located in the middle zone often result in the production of abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids.

Front 40

Deficiency or hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones results in a condition called

Back 40

Addison disease

Front 41

How are Ca++ level concentrations increased in the blood

Back 41

Parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone that stimulates osteoclasts to increase their breakdown of bone's hard matrix, a process that frees the Ca++ stored in the matrix which then moves out of bone into blood, and this in turn increases bloods Ca++ concentration.

Front 42

two hormone antagonists that control blood Ca++ levels

Back 42

Calcatonin from Thyroid decreases blood Ca++

Parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland increases Blood Ca++

Front 43

where is prolactin produced and what does it do

Back 43

produced in anterior pituitary. during pregnancy, prolactin stimulates the breast development necessary for eventual alctation. Also, soon after delivery of a baby, prolactin stimulates the breasts to start secreting milk.

Also called lactogenic hormone.

Front 44

caused by an increased production of glucocorticoids that is sometimes caused by an adrenal tumor

Back 44

cushings syndrome

Front 45

Adrenal Cortex secretes

Back 45

minerlocorticoids main one is Aldosterone (SALT

Glucocorticoids mainly Cortisone. increase gluconeogenesis. (SUGAR)

sex hormones (SEX)

Front 46

define gluconeogenesis

Back 46

a process that converts amino acids or fatty acids to glucose and that is performed mainly by liver cells.

Front 47

According to Mosby's pg 317 which gland was once called the master gland but is no longer called that because it is regulated by the hypothalamus

Back 47

pituitary

Front 48

which gland controls and regulates most endocrine glands

Back 48

hypothalamus

Front 49

located in the lower part of the brain. it is involved in the regulation of metabolism and body temperature. It secretes hormones that either stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland

Back 49

hypothalamus

Front 50

This condition results from hyposecretion of the thyroid gland during the adult years. physical manifestions of edema around the eyes and facial puffiness

Back 50

myxedema

Front 51

endocrine gland that lies in the neck just below the larynx

Back 51

Thyroid

Front 52

thyroid gland disorders

Back 52

hypersecretion
hyperthyroidism
graves diseas
hyposecretion
hypothyroidism,
cretinism (pre-adult)
myxedema (adult); goiter

Front 53

what is the difference between endocine glands and exocrine glands

Back 53

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity. such as sweat and salivary glands as well as pancreatic juices

Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete chemicals known as hormones into intercellular spaces where hormones diffuse directly into the blood and are carried throughout the body where they bind to a target organ.

Front 54

feedback mechanisms that tend to reverse any deviations from normal

Back 54

negative feed back loops

Front 55

according to Mosby's normal blood glucose level is

Back 55

80-110

Front 56

a condition caused by excess glucose being filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and lost in the urine

Back 56

glycosuria

Front 57

Diabetics often have a triad of symptoms called the "three P's" commonly associated with hyperglycemia. what are they

Back 57

Polyuria
(increased urine output)

Polydipsia
(increased thirst)

Polyphagia
(increased appetite)

Front 58

onset time of DKA

Back 58

tends to be gradual and may evlolve orver 12-24 hours or longer

Front 59

results from a lack of insulin and involves a change in metabolism

Back 59

DKA

Front 60

how are ketones formed

Back 60

resulting from a lack of insulin alternative energy sources, including lipids, are metabolized causing hepatic ketonebody production and release which car result in hyperketonemia

Front 61

insulin dependant diabetes

Back 61

Type I

Front 62

adult onset or noninsulin dependent diabetes

Back 62

Type II

Front 63

in this type of diabetes there is a resistance to insulin with an insulin secretion defect

Back 63

Type II

Front 64

Type II diabetes is more common in which demographic

Back 64

individuals who are older than 40 in which there is a family history of diabetes.

Front 65

the metabolism of fatty acids leads to the production of

Back 65

acidic ketones which leads to the development of ketoacidosis

Front 66

what does glucagon do

Back 66

stimulates cells to break down glycogen into glucose

stimulates cells to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose

Front 67

s/s of testicular torsion

Back 67

testicle swelling and pain
fever
urinary frequency
nausea
abdominal pain
testicle may ride high in the scrotal sac compared to the contralaterl testicle

Front 68

the twisting of the spermatic cord and testicle upon itself, initially resulting in venous occlusion and engorgement

Back 68

testicular torsion

Front 69

in testicular torsion salvage of the testicle is usually successful if the detorsion occurs within ____hours

Back 69

6

Front 70

s/s of inguinal hernia

Back 70

a new or recurrent lump in the abdomen or inguinal region. presence of pain in the area can indicate incarceration or strangulation.

Front 71

neurologic dysfunction during or immediately after dialysis is most frequently due to the

Back 71

disequilibrium syndrome.

Front 72

s/s of disequalibrium syndrome

Back 72

occurs during or immediately after dialysis. pt. presents with nausea, vomiting, and hypertension as well as seizures and loss of consciousness.

Front 73

the cause of this syndrom is thought to be cerebral edema due to osmolar differences

Back 73

disequilibrium syndrome.

Front 74

nongonorrheal urethritis is usually caused by

Back 74

chlamydial infection

Front 75

s/s of chlamydial infection

Back 75

genital ulcers
swollen lymph nodes
headache
fever
muscle pain

Front 76

inflamation of the urethra that commonly results from bacterial infection, often gonorrhea

Back 76

urethritis

Front 77

how does hemodyalysis work

Back 77

a semipermeale membrane is used to separate large (nondiffusible) particles such as blood cells from small (diffusible) ones such as urea and other wastes. blood from the radial artery passing through a porous (semipermeable) cellophane tube that is house in a tank like container where the tube is surrounded by a bath or dialyzing solution containaing varying concentrations of electrolytes and other chemicals. the pores in the membrane are small and allow only very small molecules, such as urea, to escape into the surrounding fluid. Larger molecules and blood cells cannot excape and are returned through the tube to reenter the pt. via a wrist vein.

Front 78

how does CAPD work
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Back 78

1 to 3 L of sterile dialysis fluid is introduced directly into the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the abdominal wall. peritoneal membranes in the abd. cavity transfer waste products from the blood into the dialysis fluid, which is then drained back into a plastic container after about 2 hours

Front 79

describe visceral pain

Back 79

originates in the organs of the abd. and pelvis. visceral pain receptors in the organs produce a vague, aching, difficult-to-localize pain as opposed to somatic pain

Front 80

describe somatic pain

Back 80

pain receptors of the skin, bones, tendons, or blood vessels, which produce a sharp, well defined pain

Front 81

how can pain from disorders of the intra-abdominal urinary trat present

Back 81

pt. may experience a slowly developing, vague, nonlocalized (visceral) pain that does not become localized until the infection reaches somatic receptors of the peritoneum, at which time the pain becomes sharper and more localized.

Front 82

renal failure that is an abrupt reduction in kidney function characterized by oliguria and a sharp rise in nitrogenous compounds in the blood

Back 82

ARF

Front 83

The concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood is often assessed by the ___ test

Back 83

blood urea nitrogen
BUN test

Front 84

ARF can be caused by

Back 84

hemorrhage
sever burns
acute glomerulonephitis or
pyelonephritis, or
obstruction of the lower UT may progress to failure

Front 85

A slow, progressive condition resulting from the gradual loss of nephrons

Back 85

CRF

Front 86

what causes CRF

Back 86

infections
glomerulonephritis
tumors
systemic autoimmune disorders
obstructive disorders

Front 87

describe the 1st stage of CRF

Back 87

stage1
some nephrons are lost but the remaining healthy ones compensate by enlarging and taking over the function of the lost nephrons. usually asymptomatic and can last years

Front 88

describe the 2nd stage of CRF

Back 88

called renal insufficiency. during this stage, the kidney can no longer adapt to the loss of nephrons. the remaining healthy nephrons cannot handle the urea load, and BUN levels climb dramatically. because the kidney's ability to concentrate urine is impaired, polyuria and dehydration may occur

Front 89

describe stage 3 of CRF

Back 89

called uremia or uremic syndrome
characterized by a very high BUN value caused by loss of kidney urine production and oliguria. because fluids are retained by the body rather than being eliminated by the kidneys, edema and hypertension often occur. unless transplanted or dialysized loss of kidney function will progress to death.

Front 90

what is urinary outlet obstuction

Back 90

post renal failure often called obstructive renal failure and is caused by obstruction of the urinary tract at any level

Front 91

obstuction of the bladder can be caused by what

Back 91

kidney stones
blood clots
bladder cancers or polyps
neurogenic bladder due to diabetes or spinal cord injuries
medications
benign prostatic hypertrophy

Front 92

how long can CRF last before progressing to ESRD

Back 92

10-20 years

Front 93

Describe ESRD

Back 93

kidney function is less than 10% of baseline. and is fatal without transplant or dialysis

Front 94

single greatest cause ofESRD

Back 94

diabetic nephropathy

Front 95

what are the four conditions that fall under the blanket term of prostatitis

Back 95

1. Acute bacterial prostatitis

2. Chronic bacterial prostatitis

3. Chronic prostatitis

4. Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

Front 96

prostatitis characterized by chills; fever; pain in the lower back, perineum, base of the penis, or genital area; urinary frequency or urgency; dysuria; and white blood cells and bacteria in the urine

Back 96

Acute bacterial prostatitis

Front 97

prostatitis that occurs when an acute infection persists, whether treated or not, due to a defect in the prostate itself, which allows the continued existence of bacteria in the urinary tract

Back 97

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

Front 98

prostatitis that is a poorly understood syndrome of symptoms and signs of becterial prostatitis, including at times the presence of white cells in the semem or urine but with no evidence of a bacterial causative agent. Symptoms may persist or may come and go, but antibiotic therapy is ineffective

Back 98

Chronic prostatitis

Front 99

prostatitis that is defined as the presence of white blood cells in the semen in the absence of symptoms or a causative agent

Back 99

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

Front 100

another name for kidney stones

Back 100

renal calculi

Front 101

How do Kidney stones form

Back 101

ctystalized mineral chunks develop when calcium and other minerals, such as uric acid, crystalize on the renal calculi, then break off into the urine.

Front 102

what is renal colic

Back 102

larger kidney stones that obstruct the ureters cause intense pain called renal colic as rhythmic muscle contractions of the ureter attempt to dislodge the stones

Front 103

the technical name for the presence of a kidney stone in the ureter

Back 103

ureterolithiasis

Front 104

s/s of kidney stones

Back 104

pt. may complain of pain, which waxes and wanes, in the flank, abd. or groin, and they may complain of radiation to the vulva or testicles. Other symptoms include nausea, diaphoresis, dysuria, urinary urgency or frequency, and the urge to defecate.

Front 105

what % of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute enters the kidneys

Back 105

20%. The rate of blood flow through this organ is among the highest in the body.

Front 106

How does the body control the amount of urine that it excretes

Back 106

it does this mainly by controlling the amount of water and disolved substances that are reabsorbed by the convoluted tubules

Front 107

what are the 3 processes that form urine

Back 107

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

Front 108

explain the filtration process in the urine formation process

Back 108

high BP coming into the glomerulus pushes (filters) water and dissolved substances out of the glomeruli into the Bowman capsule

Front 109

explain the REABSORPTION process as part of the formation of urine

Back 109

Water, glucose and other nutrients, and sodium and other ions are reabsorbed begining in the proximal convoluted tubules and continues in the Henle loop, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts.

Front 110

the process by which substances move into urine in the distal and collecting ducts from blood in the capillaries

Back 110

Secretion

Front 111

during secretion what moves back into renal tubules

Back 111

hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and certain drugs

Front 112

the enzyme RENIN is released where and what does it activate

Back 112

renin is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus when blood volume and pressure drop below normal. This initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which constricts blood vessels and promotes water retention

Front 113

the "urine decreasing hormone"

Back 113

ADH produced by the posterior pituitary

Front 114

Hormone that increases urine volume

Back 114

ANH
the salt-and water-losing hormone

Front 115

what is micturation

Back 115

urination or voiding

Front 116

a general term referring to kidney disease, especially inflammatory conditions

Back 116

Nephritis

Front 117

refers to inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney

Back 117

Pyelonephritis
litteraly means pelvisnephritis

Front 118

refers to an inflamation of the bladder

Back 118

cystitis