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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ecosystem made up of (2)
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Community (living organisms)
Abiotic environment around it |
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Primary Productivity
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rate of biomass production, measure of conversion from solar energy to chemical energy
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Trophic level
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feeding status within the community
primary producers consumers (tertiary, secondary, primary) |
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Complexity
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measure of how big the food web is:
1. # species at each trophic level 2. # trophic levels represented |
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primary producers
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photosynthesize
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consumer
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2ndary productivity: manufacture of biomass production by plant-eating organisms
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food chain
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linked feeding series
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food web
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combination of all food chains/linked feeding series within a community
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why we lose energy between stages (2)
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1. exploitation efficiency
2. assimilation efficiency |
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exploitation efficiency
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not all biomass or energy present in lower trophic level is captured
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assimilation efficiency
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not all captured energy or biomass is transferred
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ecological pyramid lessons (4)
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1. explains rarity of top carnivores
2. feeding human population 3. pollution 4. trophic cascade |
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trophic cascade
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effects on one trophic level flow up or down to other trophic levels
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ecotones
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boundaries between communities
open or closed community |
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closed community
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sharp boundary (ecotone)
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open community
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fuzzy or nondescript boundary (ecotone)
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evidence for genetic basis of behavior
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1. use of genetic mutants (mutate specific genes)
2. artificial selection experiments (breed for behavior) 3. study populations with genetic differences (same species, different areas) 4. genetic mosaics 5. hybrids |
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genetic basis (correlation)
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gene makes an individual more or less likely to perform a given behavior
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genetic determinism
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gene has absolute control over behavior
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example of environmental effects
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1. environment of developing embryo
2. early sensory experiences 3. learning |
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learning
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relatively PERMANENT change in behavior or the POTENTIAL FOR BEHAVIOR that results from EXPERIENCE rather than maturation
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permanent change
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some internal processes change (in memory). doesn't guarantee later recall
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potential for behavior
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latent/unexpressed learning
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experience
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all aspects of the environment that define an individual from birth to death
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2 types of learning
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1. associative
2. non-associative (also observational, insight?) |
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associative learning (2)
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behavior is modified through association:
classical conditioning operant conditioning |
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classical conditioning
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paired presentation of stimuli leads to an association between these 2 stimuli
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operant conditioning
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association between behavioral action and reward or punishment
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non-associative learning (2)
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habituation
sensitization |
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habituation
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decrease in response to a stimulus with no positive or negative consequences, learning not to respond
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sensitization
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period of high responsiveness following reward or punishment
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learning preparedness
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natural selection shapes the boundaries within which an animal is able to learn: biologically programmed to make some associations and not others
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communication
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an action by one animal that alters the behavior of another: a relationship
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types of communication (3)
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true communication (sender and receiver benefit)
manipulation (sender benefits, receiver unaffected or unharmed) exploitation (sender unaffected or harmed, receiver benefits) |
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function of signals (6)
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recognition
reproduction aggressive interactions/competition communication about predators communication about food parental care |
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modes of communication (4)
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visual
chemical auditory tactile |
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visual
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fast, direct
bad at night, over distances, in crowded habitats |
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chemical
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works at night, around obstacles, lasts days, mate ID, marking space
not directed, slow |
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auditory
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travels far, around obstacles, night, fast, through water/air, good for locating at a distance or as alarm call.
indiscriminate |
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tactile
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personal, directed, private
must be close, element of trust |
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how to convey more information (2)
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enrichment devices
redundancy |
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enrichment devices (5)
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medley (more than one at once)
metacommunication (communication about meaning of further communication) regulate intensity syntax contextual |
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why redundancy?
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reduce risk of misinterpretation
assess motivational states or conditions coordinate arousal states or reproduction increase memorability |
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origination of signals (2)
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intention movements
displacement activities |
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evolution of signals/ritualization (4)
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exaggeration
stereotyping freezing of movement into postures change in functon |
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signs of higher cognitive ability
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tools? nah
language(if more than just repetition of signals) self-awareness problem-solving planning (intentionality) death |
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why disperse (costs: hard to find food, at risk from predators) (3)
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inbreeding avoidance hypothesis (dispersal is single sex)
competition (for mates) colonization of new habitat (potentially high fitness gains outweigh cost of dispersal) |
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migration
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long-range, 2-way movement
triggered by environmental cues special physiological changes in individual |
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reasons to migrate (2)
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abundant food
safe, protected mating sites |
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optimal foraging theory
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natural selection favors those individuals whose foraging behavior is as energetically efficient as possible
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2 basic assumptions of OFT
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energy intake correlates with fitness
animals really behave optimally for foraging |
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OFT predicts
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acceptance of low prof. food item depends only on abundance of the higher prof. item and is independent of its own abundance
as abundance of high prof items increases, low prof items will be eliminated from the diet |
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additional considerations to the OFT
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nutrients
toxins |
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3 threats to grizzly's food (nutrients)
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cut-throat trout
white-bark pine nut cut-worm moth |
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why an animal won't follow OFT (2)
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competition
predation |
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why sex?
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variation:
not with respect to abiotic environment, red queen hypothesis: run as fast as you can to stay in the same place |
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reproductive strategies
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males: competition over mates
females: choosy, selective about mating |
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why diff rep. strategies? (2)
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parental investment (motive)
operational sex ratio (opportunity) |
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sexual selection (4)
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explains differences between males and females
intra-sexual selection inter-sexual selection runaway sexual selection sensory exploitation hypothesis |
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intra-sexual
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male competition:
mate guarding multiple mating sperm competition |
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inter-sexual selection (2)
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mate/female choice:
direct benefit good genes |
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how females judge good genes (4)
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physical characteristics
physical displays handicap principle parasite load theory |
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runaway sexual selection
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genetically based male trait is beneficial
evolution of genetically based female preference for extreme values train becomes correlated in offspring: correlated selection passes optimal |
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sensory exploitation hypothesis
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males evolve structures that exploit females pre-existing sensory bias
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sexual conflict (3)
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mating decisions (multiple matings,forced matings, stealing nuptual gifts)
parental care infanticide |
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mating systems (3)
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polygyny (1 male, mult. females, resource defense, female defense, scramble competition)
polyandry (1 female, mult. males, sex role reversal, equal opp sex lottery) monogomy |
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monogomy (2)
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mate assistance hypothesis
mate guarding (female enforced monogomy) |
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types of biodiversity (3)
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genetic diversity
ecological diversity species diversity |
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genetic diversity
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# of different variations of the same gene in indv. species
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ecological diversity
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richness and complexity of the community
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species diversity
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number of different kinds of organims
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biodiversity hot spots
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areas with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species
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probs with hotspot approach to conservation (3)
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ignores aquatic systems
neglects rare or endangered species in cold spots ignores importance of less diverse communities that are still important |
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why biodiversity matters/how we benefit (3)
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direct economic value
indirect economic value ethical, cultural, aesthetic value |
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direct economic value
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food
drugs and medicine |
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indirect economic value
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climate regulation
erosion control groundwater filtering |
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why biodiversity matters for ecosystem function
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link btwn more kinds of organisms and ecosystem stability
impossible to predict consequences of removing biodiversity from an ecosystem redundancy is important |
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what threatens biodiversity?
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extinction
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what leads to extinction/threats to biodiversity
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HIPPO
habitat destruction and fragmentation invasive species pollution population (human) overharvesting/exploitation |
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US ESA (1975)
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Endangered
Threatened |
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problems/challenges for the ESA (3)
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listing is slow
recovery plans funding |
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species classifications within funding for ESA (4)
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keystone
indicator umbrella flagship |