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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Perffusion
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The delivery of oxygen and the removal of waste products.
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What is shock
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Lack of adequate tissue perfusion.
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What is anaerobic metabolism
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Without O2
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What is areobic metabolism
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With O2
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What is homeostasis
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The act of seeking balance
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The renal system is what type of system
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Buffer system.
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What is the first system to shut down when you go into shock
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Renal system
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What are the four components of the Frick principle
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1. Adequate concentration of inspired oxygen.
2. On-loading of oxygen to red blood cells at lungs. 3. Delivery of red blood cells to tissue cells. 4. Off-loading of oxygen from red blood cells to tissue cells. |
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Where are the Baroreceptors located
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They are located in the walls of atria, vena cava, aortic arch, and carotid sinus.
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What is Preload
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Is when the heart muscle is stretched as chambers fill with blood between contractions.
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What is afterload
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Is pressure ventricular muscles must generate to overcome higher pressure in aorta.
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What is the most abundant substance in the human body
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Water
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Body fluid is divided into two main compartments
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Intracellular and extracellular
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Fluid that is found within individual cells
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Intracellular
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Fluid that is found outside of cell membranes
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extracellular
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Salts that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) are called
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Electrolytes
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What are the two types of ions
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Cations and anions
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Essential cations (positiviely charged) include
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Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) |
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Essential anions )Negitively charged) include
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Chloride (C1-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Phosphate (HPO4 2-) |
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Electrolytes are measured in
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milliequivalents per liter(mEq/L)
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Body fluid also contains
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nonelectrolytes
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Diffusion
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Movement of particles (solutes)from area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until all substances are scettered evenly through available space.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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"Transport proteins" assist many molecules and ions in deffusing accross cell membrane.
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Osmosis
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Movement of water accross semipermeable membrane.
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Active Transport
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Moves solutes against their concentration gradients accross cell membrane from side of lower concentration to side of higher concentration.
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What are the three functions that blood has
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Transportation, regulation, and protection
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Blood cells include
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) and Leukocytes (white blood cells)
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Erythrocytes have the ability to carry
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Oxygen
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Leukocytes
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Destroy foreign organisms by producing antibodies or directly attacking and killing bacteria.
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Platelets
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are formed elements suspended in plasma.
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Acid is
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Substance that increases concentration of hydrogen ions in water solution.
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Base is
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Substance that decreases concentration of hydrogen ions.
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Fewer hydrogen ions mean
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Higher pH
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More hydrogen ions mean
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Lower pH
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pH above 7.45 is called
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Alkalosis
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pH below 7.35 is referred to as
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Acidosis
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Buffer systems
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are fast acting defenses.
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Respiration
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Plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance by regulating concentration of carbon dioxide (and subsequently amount of carbonic acidI in body.
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Decreased ventilation
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Increases carbon dioxide and carbonic acid (and therefore hydrogen ions) in the blood, thereby decreasing blood pH.
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What is the most common cause of Respiratory acidosis
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Hyperventilation
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Respiratory alkalosis
(carbonic acid deficit) |
Occurs when exhalation of carbon dioxide is exxcessive.
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Metabolic acidosis
(base bicarbonate deficit) |
Occurs when level of bicarbonate (base) is low in relation to carbonic acid levels.
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Metabolic alkalosis (bicarbonate excess)
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Occurs when level of bicarbonate is high.
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Compensated (Nonprogressive)shock
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Earliest stage of shock
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decompensated (progressive) shock
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Occurs when blood volume drops more than 15-25%
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Irreversible shock
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Rapid deterioration of cardiovascular system that cannot be helped by compensatory mechanisms or medical intervention.
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All types of shock
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Are due to underlying lack of tissue perfusion.
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Hypovolemic shock
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Caused be loss of blood or fluid from the body.
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Cardiogenic shock
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Caused by profound failure of heart, primarily left ventricle.
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Neurogenic shock
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Nervous system is no longer able to control blood vessel diameter (seen in spinal cord injury).
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Anaphylactic shock
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severe response to substance to which patient is extremely allergic (antigen).
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septic shock
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Caused by overwhelming infection (usually bacterial) that leads to massive vasodialation.
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Obstructive shock
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Obstructs blood flow somewhere in the cardiac system (perricardial tampenade, tention phneumothorax, pulmanary embolism)
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Distributive shock
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Has Neurogenic, Anaphylactic, and Septic shock in the same category, due to dilation of blood vessels.
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