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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
abdomen
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the body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion & excretion. it is located below the diaphragm & above the pelvis
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abduction
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motion of a limb away from the midline
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acetabulum
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the depression on the lateral pelvis where its 3 component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
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Adam's apple
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the firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. it is more prominent in men than in women
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adduction
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motion of a limb toward the midline
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agonal respirations
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slow, gasping respiration, sometimes seen in dying PTs
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alveoli
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the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide takes place
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anatomic position
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the position of reference in which the PT stands facing you, arms @ the side, w/ the pals of the hands forward
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angle of Louis
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a ridge of the sternum that lies @ the level where the 2nd rib is attached to the sternum; provides a constant & reliable bony landmark on the anterior chest wall
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anterior
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the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position
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anterior superior iliac spines
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the bony prominences of the pelvis (ilium) @ the front of each side of the lower abdomen just below the plane of the umbilicus
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aorta
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the principle artery leaving the left side of the heart <3 & carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
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apex (apices)
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the pointed extremity of a conical structure
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appendix
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a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the LRQ of the abdomen
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arteriole
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the smallest branch of an artery leading to the vast network of capillaries
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atrium
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upper chamber of the heart <3
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autonomic nervous system
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the part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion & sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
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ball-and-socket joint
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a joint that allows internal & external rotation as well as bending
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biceps
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that large muscle that covers the front of the humerous
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bilateral
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a body part that appears on both sides of the midline
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bile ducts
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ducts that convey bile b/w the liver and the intestine
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blood pressure (BP)
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the pressure that blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes though them
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brachial artery
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the major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm
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brain
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the controlling organ of the body & center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of rxns to the environment, emotional responses & judgment
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brain stem
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the area of the brain b/w the spinal cord & cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations
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capillary vessels
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the fine end-divisions of the arterial system that allow contact b/w cells of the body tissues & the plasma & RBC
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carotid artery
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the major artery that supplies blood to the head & brain
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carpometacarpal joint
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the joint b/w the wrist & the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint
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cecum
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the 1st part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
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Central Nervous System
CNS |
the brain & spinal cord
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cerebellum
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1 of the 3 major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain:; coordinated the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements
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cerebrum
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the largest part of the 3 subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions & personality
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cervical spine
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the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first 7 vertebrae that lie in the neck
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circulatory system
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the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide & cellular waste throughout the body
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clavicle
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the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum & medial to the scapula
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coccyx
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the last 3 or 4 vertebrae of the spine;the tailbone
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connecting nerves
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nerves that connect the sensory & motor nerves in the spinal cord
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costal arch
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a bridge of cartilage that connects the ends of the 6th through 10th ribs w/ the lower portion of the sternum
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costovertebral angle
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an angle that is formed by the junction of the spine & tenth rib
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cranium
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the area of the head above the ears & eyes; the skull. the cranium contains the brain
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cricoid cartilage
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a firm ridge of cartilage that make up the larynx
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cricothyroid membrane
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a thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid & cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
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deep
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further inside the body & away from the skin
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dermis
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the inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings & blood vessels
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diaphragm
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a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. contraction of the diaphragm (& the chest wall muscles) brings air to the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
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diastole
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the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart <3, esp. of the ventricles
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digestion
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the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
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distal
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structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity
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dorsal
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the posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand
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dorsalis pedis artery
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the artery on the anterior surface of the foot b/w the 1st & 2nd metatarsals
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endocrine system
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the complex message & control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
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enzymes
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protein catalysts designed to sped up the rate of specific biochemical rxns
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epidermis
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the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
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epiglottis
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a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food or liquid from entering
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esophagus
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a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food & liquids through it to the stomach
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extend
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to straighten
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extension
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the straightening of a joint
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fallopian tube
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long, slender tube that extends from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side, & through which the ovum passes from ovary to uterus
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fascia
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a sheet or band of tough fibrous connective tissue; lies deep under the skin & forms an outer layer for the muscles
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femoral artery
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the principle artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external, iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia & legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
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femoral head
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the proximal end of the femur, articulating w/ the acetabulum to form the hip joint
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femur
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the thighbone; the longest & one of the strongest bones in the body
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flex
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to bend
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flexion
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the bending of a joint
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floating ribs
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the 11th & 12th ribs which do not attach to the sternum through the costal arch
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foramen magnum
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a large opening @ the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
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Fowler's position
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the position in which the PT is sitting up w/ the knees bent
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gallbladder
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a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver & discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
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genital system
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the male & female reproductive systems
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greater trochanter
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a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
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hair follicles
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the small organs in the skin that produce hair
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heart
<3 |
a hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins & propels it into the arteries
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heart rate <3
pulse |
the wave of pressure that is created by the heart's contracting & forcing blood out the left ventricle & into the major arteries
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hinge joints
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joints that can bend & straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to 1 plane
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humerus
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the supporting bone
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hypoxic drive
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a "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood
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iliac crest
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the rim, or wing, of the pelvic bone
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ilium
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1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
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inferior
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the part of the body, or any body part, nearer to the feet
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inferior vena cava
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1 of the 2 largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities & the pelvic & the abdominal organs into the heart <3
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inguinal ligament
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the tough, fibrous ligament that stretches b/w the lateral edge of the pubic symphysis & the anterior superior iliac spine
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involuntary muscle
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muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
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ischium
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1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
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joint
(articulation) |
the place where 2 bones come into contact
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joint capsule
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the fibrous sac that encloses a joint
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kidneys
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2 retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine & regulate the body's salt & water content
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large intestine
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the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, & the rectum. It helps regulate water & eliminate solid waste
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lateral
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Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures
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ligament
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a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports & strengthens a joint
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liver
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a large solid organ that lies in the RUQ immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores sugar for immediate use by the body, & produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
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lumbar spine
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the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest 5 nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
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lumbar vertebrae
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vertebrae of the lumbar spine
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mandible
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the bone of the lower jaw
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manubrium
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the upper quarter of the sternum
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mastoid process
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a prominent bony mass @ the base of the skill behind the ear
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maxillae
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the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity & the palate & lodge the upper teeth
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medial
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parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures
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metabolism
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the sum of all the physical & chemical processes of living organisms; the process by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism
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midaxillary line
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an imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle of the axilla(armpit), // to the midline
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midclavicular line
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an imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle portion of the clavicle & // to the midline
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midline
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an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose & the umbilius (naval) to the floor
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motor nerves
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nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
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mucous membranes
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the lining of body cavities & passages that communicate directly or indirectly w/ the environment outside the body
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mucus
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the opaque , sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
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musculoskeletal system
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the bones & voluntary muscles of the body
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myocardium
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the heart muscle
<3 |
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nasopharynx
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the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or soft palate
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nervous system
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the system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary & involuntary
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occiput
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the most posterior portion of the cranium
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orbit
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the eye socket, made up of the maxilla & zygoma
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oropharynx
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a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus & trachea
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ovary
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a female gland that produces sex hormones & ova (eggs)
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palmar
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the front region of the hand
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pancreas
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a flat, solid organ that lies below the liver & the stomach; its major source of digestive enzymes & produces the hormone insulin
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parietal regions
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the areas b/w the temporal & occiput regions of the cranium
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patella
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the kneecap; a specialized bone that lies w/n the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
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perfusion
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the circulation of oxygenated blood w/n an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current needs
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peripheral nervous system
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the part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
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peristalsis
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the wave-like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
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pinna
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the external, visible part of the ear
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plantar
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the bottom of the foot
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plasma
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a sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells& nutrients & transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
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platelets
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tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells;they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
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pleura
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the serous membrane covering the lungs & lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known a the pleural space
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pleural space
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the potential space b/w the parietal pleura & the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" b/c under normal conditions,the lungs fill this space
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posterior
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the back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position
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posterior tibial artery
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the artery just posterior to the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
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priapism
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a continuous & painful erection of the penis caused by certain spinal injuries & some diseases
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prone position
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the position in which the body is lying face down
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prostate gland
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a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
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proximal
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structures that are closer to the trunk
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pubic symphysis
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a hard bony prominence that is found in the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen
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pubis
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1 of 3 bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
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pulmonary artery
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the major artery leading from the RT ventricle of the heart <3 to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood
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pulmonary veins
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the 4 veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart <3
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pulse
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the wave of pressure created as the heart <3 contracts & forces blood out the left ventricle & into the major arteries
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quadrants
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the way to describe the sections of the abdominal cavity. Imagine 2 lines intersecting @ the umbilicus dividing the abdomen into 4 = areas
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radial artery
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the major artery in the forearm; it is palpable @ the wrist on the thumb side
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radius
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the bone on the thumb side of the forearm
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rectum
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the lowermost end of the colon
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Red Blood Cells
RBC |
Cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues; also called erythrocytes
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renal pelvis
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A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter & the kidney
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respiratory system
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all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper & lower airways & their component parts
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retroperitoneal
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behind the abdominal cavity
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sacrum
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1 of 3 bones (sacrum & 2 pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
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salivary glands
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the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth & pharynx moist
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scalp
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the thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hairs
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scapula
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the shoulder blade
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sebaceous glands
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glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
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semen
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seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis & containing sperm
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seminal vesicles
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storage sacs for sperm & seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra @ the prostate
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sensory nerves
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the nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain or other modalities from the body to the central nervous system
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shock position
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the position that has the head & torso (trunk) supine & the lower extremities elevated 6"-12". This helps to increase blood flow to the brain; also referred to as the modified Trendelenburg's position
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shoulder girdle
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the proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula & the humerus
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skeletal muscle
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muscle that is attached to bones & usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
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skeleton
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the framework that give us our recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body & protection of vital organs
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small intestine
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the portion of the digestive tube b/w the stomach & the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum & ileum
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smooth muscle
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nonstriated, involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract & is presently in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
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somatic nervous system
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the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
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spinal cord
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an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages b/w the brain & the rest of the body. It lies inside of, & is protected by, the spinal canal
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sternocleidomastoid muscles
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the muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head
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sternum
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the breastbone
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striated muscle
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muscle that has characteristic stripes, or striations, under the microscope; voluntary, or skeletal, muscle
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subcutaneous tissue
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tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis & serves as an insulator of the body
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superficial
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closer to or on the skin
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superior
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the part of the body, or any part, nearer to the head
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superior vena cava
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1 of the 2 largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities head, neck, & chest into the heart <3
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supine position
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the position in which the body is lying face up
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sweat glands
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the glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
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systole
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the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart <3, esp. that of the ventricles
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temporal regions
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the lateral portions on each side of the cranium
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temporomandibular joint
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the joint where the mandible meets w/ the temporal bone of the cranium just in front of each ear
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testicle
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a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones & sperm
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thoracic cage
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the chest or rib cage
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thoracic spine
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the 12 vertebrae that lie b/w the cervical vertebrae & the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae
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thorax
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the chest cavity that contains the heart <3, lungs, esophagus & great vessels (the aorta & the 2 venae cavae)
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thyroid cartilage
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a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple
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tibia
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the shinbone, the larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg
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topographic anatomy
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the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
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torso
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the trunk w/o the head & limbs
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trachea
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the windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
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Trendelenburg's position
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the position in which the body is supine w/ the head lower than the feet
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triceps
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the muscle in the back of the upper arm
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ulna
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the inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb
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ulnar artery
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one of the major arteries of the forearm, it can be palpated @ the wrist on the ulnar side (@ the base of the 5th finger).
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ureter
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A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body
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urinary bladder
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a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects & stores urine
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urinary system
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the organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood & excreted as urine
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vagina
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a muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus w/ the vuvla(the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal
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vasa deferentia
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the spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
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ventral
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the anterior surface of the body
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ventricle
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lower chamber of the heart <3
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vertebrae
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the 33 bones that make up the spinal column
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voluntary muscle
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muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain & can be contacted or relaxed @ will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
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White Blood Cells
WBC |
Blood cells that play a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
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xiphoid process
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the narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
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zygomas
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the quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating w/ the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, & the great wings of the sphenoid bone
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