Emphasizing Informal Institutions: Cultures, Ethics, And Norms Vocabulary

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Ethnocentrism

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To perceive one’s own culture, ethics, and norms as “natural, rational, and morally right.”

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Culture

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The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

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Lingua franca

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A global business language

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Social stratification

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The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social categories (strata) such as classes castes, or divisions within a society

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Social mobility

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The degree to which members from a lower social category can rise to a higher status

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Context

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The underlying background upon which social interaction takes place

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Low-context cultures

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Communication is usually taken at face value without much reliance on unspoken context

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High-context cultures

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Communication relies a lot on the underlying unspoken context, which is as important as the words used

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Cluster

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Countries that share similar cultures

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Ronen and Shenkar clusters

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Influential set of clusters proposed by management
Professors Simcha Ronen and Oded Shenkar

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GLOBE clusters

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Influential set of clusters named after the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness project led by management professor Robert House

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Huntington civilizations

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Influential set of clusters popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington

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Civilization

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Highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have

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Power distance

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Extent to which less powerful members within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

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Individualism

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Idea that an individual’s identity is fundamentally his or her own

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Collectivism

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Idea that an individual’s identity is fundamentally tied to the identity of his or her collective group

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Uncertainty avoidance

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Extent to which members in a culture accept or avoid ambiguous situations and uncertainty

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Long-term orientation

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How much emphasis is placed on perseverance and savings for future betterment

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Ethics

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The principles, standards, and norms of conduct that govern Individual and firm behavior

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Code of conduct

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A set of guidelines for making ethical decision

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Ethical relativism

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Follows the cliché, “When in Rome, do as the Romans.”

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Ethical imperialism

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Refers to the absolute belief that “there is only one set of Ethics (with a capital E), and we have it.”

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Corruption

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The abuse of public power for private benefits, usually in the form of bribery

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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

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A US law enacted in 1977 that bans bribery of foreign officials

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Norms

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The prevailing practices of relevant players

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In-group

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Individuals and firms regarded as a part of their own collective

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Out-group

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Individuals and firms not regarded as a part of “us”

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Cultural intelligence

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An individual’s ability to understand and adjust to new cultures