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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"...the musculoskeletal system extends into _____ parts of the body." |
All Ch. 6, pg. 113 |
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"The skeleton consists of the ____________, _________________, _________________, and ___________________." |
-Skull and spine -Ribs and sternum -Shoulders and upper extremities -Pelvis and lower extremities Ch. 6, pg. 113 |
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Main structures of the musculoskeletal system |
-Bones -Joints -Muscles Ch. 6, pg. 113 |
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Main functions of the musculoskeletal system |
Skeleton supports and protects the body, forms blood cells, and stores minerals. Muscles produce movement Ch. 6, pg. 115 |
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Main structures of the respiratory system |
-Nasal cavity -Pharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchial tubes -Lungs Ch. 6, pg. 115 |
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Main functions of the respiratory system |
Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body Ch. 6, pg. 115 |
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Main structures of the cardiovascular system |
-Heart -Arteries -Veins Ch. 6, pg. 115 |
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Main functions of the cardiovascular system |
Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes Ch. 6, pg. 115 |
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Main structures of blood |
-Plasma -Red blood cells -White blood cells -Platelets Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main functions of blood |
Transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and promotes clotting to control bleeding Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main structures of the lymphatic system |
-Tonsils/adenoids -Thymus gland -Spleen -Lymph nodes -Lymphatic vessels Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main functions of the lymphatic system |
Helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body's immune system Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main structures of the nervous system |
-Brain -Spinal cord -Nerves Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main functions of the nervous system |
Receives sensory information and coordinates the body's response Ch. 6, pg. 116 |
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Main structures of the digestive system |
-Oral cavity -Pharynx -Esophagus -Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine (colon) -Liver -Gallbladder -Pancreas Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main functions of the digestive system |
Ingest, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main structures of the integumentary system |
-Skin -Hair -Nails -Sweat glands Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main functions of the integumentary system |
Forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main structures of the endocrine system |
-Pituitary gland -Pineal gland -Thyroid gland -Parathyroid glands -Thymus gland -Adrenal glands -Pancreas -Testes -Ovaries Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main functions of the endocrine system |
Regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body Ch. 6, pg. 117 |
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Main structures of the renal/urinary system |
-Kidneys -Ureters -Urinary bladder -Urethra Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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Main functions of the renal/urinary system |
Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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Main structures of male reproductive system |
-Testes -Epididymis -Vas deferens -Penis -Seminal vesicles -Prostate gland Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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Main functions of the male reproductive system |
Produces sperm for reproduction Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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Main structures of the female reproductive system |
-Ovaries -Fallopian tubes (oviducts) -Uterus -Vagina -Vulva -Breasts Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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Main functions of the female reproductive system |
Produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby Ch. 6, pg. 118 |
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"The main function of the skull is to _____________." |
Enclose and protect the brain Ch. 6, pg. 119 |
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"The spinal column provides ________________________ and houses and protects the _______________." |
-Structure and support for the body -Spinal column Ch. 6, pg. 119 |
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Sections of the spine, in order |
1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Coccyx Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Corresponding anatomy to the cervical spine |
Neck Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Number of vertebrae in the cervical spine |
7 Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Corresponding anatomy to the thoracic spine |
Thorax, ribs, upper back Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Number of vertebrae in the thoracic spine |
12 Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Corresponding anatomy to the lumbar spine |
Lower back Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Number of vertebrae in the lumbar spine |
5 Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Corresponding anatomy to the sacral spine |
Back wall of pelvis Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Number of vertebrae in the sacral spine |
5 Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Corresponding anatomy to the coccyx |
Tailbone Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Number of vertebrae in the coccyx |
4 Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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Which sections of the spine are less easily injured? |
-Thoracic spine -Sacral spine -Coccyx Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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"The bones of the thorax form an internal space called the ______________." |
Thoracic cavity Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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"The pelvis is sometimes referred to by laypeople as the hip, although the hip is actually ____________________." |
The joint where the femur (thigh bone) and pelvis join Ch. 6, pg. 120 |
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"The pelvis and hip joint...may be considered part of the ______________." |
Lower extremities Ch. 6, pg. 121 |
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What is a frequent site of fractures and is commonly what breaks when a patient "breaks a hip?" |
The bend at the proximal end of the femur where it attaches to the pelvis Ch. 6, pg. 121 |
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"The ankle connects the ________ and _________ with the _____________." |
-Tibia -Fibula -Foot Ch. 6, pg. 121 |
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"Each shoulder consists of several bones: the __________, the _____________, and the ___________." |
-Clavicle -Scapula -Proximal humerus Ch. 6, pg. 121 |
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What are the three types of muscle? |
-Voluntary -Involuntary -Cardiac Ch. 6, pg. 121 |
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"____________ muscle is extremely sensitive to decreased oxygen supply and can tolerate an interruption of its blood supply for only very short periods." |
Cardiac Ch. 6, pg. 122 |
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"In general, all structures in a child are _________ than in an adult." |
Smaller Ch. 6, pg. 124 |
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"The trachea is __________ in infants and children..." |
Softer and more flexible Ch. 6, pg. 124 |
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"Between each atrium and ventricle is a __________ that prevents blood in the ventricle from being forced back up into the atrium when the ventricle contracts." |
One-way valve Ch. 6, pg. 127 |
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"The contraction, or beating, of the heart is a(n) ________________________________ process." |
Automatic, involuntary Ch. 6, pg. 127 |
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Which vein and artery are the exceptions to the rule that veins carry deoxygenated blood and arteries carry oxygenated blood? |
The pulmonary vein and artery Ch. 6, pg. 128-129 |
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"The autonomic nervous system can be further broken down into the ______ and _______ nervous systems." |
-Sympathetic -Parasympathetic Ch. 6, pg. 135 |
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Which nervous system is often referred to as the fight-or-flight response and is engaged when the body is in crisis? |
Sympathetic Ch. 6, pg. 135 |
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Which nervous system is often referred to as the feed-or-breed response and is engaged in times of relaxation? |
Parasympathetic Ch. 6, pg. 136-137 |
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Name the three parts of the small intestine |
-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum Ch. 6, pg. 137 |
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Definition: acetabulum |
The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: acromioclavicular joint |
The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: acromion process |
The highest portion of the shoulder Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: alveoli |
The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: anatomy |
The study of body structure Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: aorta |
The largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: appendix |
A small tube located near the junction of the small large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation, called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: arteriole |
The smallest kind of artery Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: artery |
Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: atria |
The two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs). Singular "atrium" Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: automaticity |
The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: autonomic nervous system |
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: bladder |
The round sac-like organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: blood pressure |
The pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured. Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: brachial artery |
Artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: bronchi |
The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi. Singular "bronchus" Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: calcaneus |
The heel bone Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: capillary |
A thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body's cells takes place Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: cardiac conduction system |
A system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: cardiac muscle |
Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: cardiovascular system |
The system made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular). Sometimes called the circulatory system Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: carotid arteries |
The large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: carotid arteries |
The large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: carpals |
The wrist bones Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: central nervous system (CNS) |
The brain and spinal cord Ch. 6, pg. 145 |
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Definition: central pulses |
The carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: clavicle |
The collarbone Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: coronary arteries |
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium) Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: cranium |
The top, back, and sides of the skull Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: cricoid cartilage |
The ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: dermis |
The inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: diaphragm |
The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: diastolic blood pressure |
The pressure in the arteries the left ventricle is refilling Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: digestive system |
System by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: dorsalis pedis artery |
Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: endocrine system |
System of glands that produce chemicals called hormones that help to regulate many body activities and functions Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: epidermis |
The outer layer of skin Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: epiglottis |
A leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: epinephrine |
A hormone produced by the body. As a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: exhalation |
A passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: femoral artery |
The major artery supplying the leg Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: femur |
The large bone of the thigh Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: fibula |
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: gallbladder |
A sac on the underside of the liver that stores produced by the liver Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: humerus |
The bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: hypoperfusion |
Inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also called "shock." Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: ilium |
The superior and widest portion of the pelvis Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: inhalation |
An active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: insulin |
A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: involuntary muscle |
Muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot consciously be controlled Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: ischium |
The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: joint |
The point where two bones come together Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: kidneys |
Organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: large intestine |
The muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: larynx |
The voice box Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: ligament |
Tissue that connects bone to bone Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: liver |
The largest organ of the body Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: lungs |
The organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: lymphatic system |
The system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that help to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contribute to the body's immune system Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: malleolus |
Protrusion on the side of the ankle. The lateral malleolus, at the lower end of the fibula, is seen on the outer ankle; the medial malleolus, at the lower end of the tibia, is seen on the inner ankle Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: mandible |
The lower jaw-bone Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: manubrium |
The superior portion of the sternum Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: maxillae |
The two fused bones forming the upper jaw Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: metacarpals |
The hand bones Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: metatarsals |
The foot bones Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: muscle |
Tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: musculoskeletal system |
The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: nasal bones |
The nose bones Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: nasopharynx |
The area directly posterior to the nose Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: nervous system |
The system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: orbits |
The bony structures around the eyes; the eye sockets Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: oropharynx |
The area directly posterior to the mouth Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: ovaries |
Egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: pancreas |
A gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: patella |
The kneecap Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: pelvis |
The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: penis |
The organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: perfusion |
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries Ch. 6, pg. 146 |
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Definition: peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
The nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: peripheral pulses |
The radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: phalanges |
The toe bones and finger bones Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: pharynx |
The area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. It is made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: physiology |
The study of body function Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: plasma |
The fluid portion of the blood Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: platelets |
Components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: posterior tibial artery |
Artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: pubis |
The medial anterior portion of the pelvis Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: pulmonary arteries |
The vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: pulmonary veins |
The vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: pulse |
The rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: radial artery |
Artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: radius |
The lateral bone of the forearm Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: red blood cells |
Components of the blood. They carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: renal system |
The body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the "urinary system" Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: reproductive system |
The body system that is responsible for human reproduction Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: respiration (cellular) |
The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: respiratory system |
The system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: scapula |
The shoulder blade Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: skeleton |
The bones of the body Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: skin |
The layer of tissue between the body and the external environment Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: skull |
The bony structure of the head Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: small intestine |
The muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: spleen |
An organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: sternum |
The breastbone Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: stomach |
Muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: subcutaneous layers |
The layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: systolic blood pressure |
The pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: tarsals |
The ankle bones Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: tendon |
Tissue that connects muscle to bones Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: testes |
The male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: thorax |
The chest Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: thyroid cartilage |
The wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam's apple Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: tibia |
The medial and larger bone of the lower leg Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: torso |
The trunk of the body; the body without the head and the extremities Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: trachea |
The "windpipe"; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: ulna |
The medial bone of the forearm Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: ureters |
The tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: urethra |
Tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: uterus |
Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: vagina |
The female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: valve |
A structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: vein |
Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: venae cavae |
The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium. Singular "vena cava" Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: ventilation |
The process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood. Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: ventricles |
The two lower chambers of the heart. There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends oxygen-rich blood to the body) Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: venule |
The smallest kind of vein Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: vertebrae |
The thirty-three bones of the spinal column Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: voluntary muscle |
Muscle that can be consciously controlled Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: white blood cells |
Components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body fight infection Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: xiphoid process |
The inferior portion of the sternum (breastbone) Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Definition: zygomatic arches |
Bones that form the structure of the cheeks Ch. 6, pg. 147 |
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Practice Question 6.1: List the three functions of the musculoskeletal system |
The musculoskeletal system functions to give the body shape, to protect vital organs, and to provide for body movement Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
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Practice Question 6.2: Name the five divisions of the spine, and describe the location of each |
-Cervical (neck) -Thoracic (upper back) -Lumbar (lower back) -Sacral (posterior pelvis) -Coccyx (distal spine, posterior pelvis) Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
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Practice Question 6.3: Describe the physical processes of inhalation and exhalation |
-Inhalation: intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. Diaphragm lowers and ribs move upward and outward, expanding chest and creating negative pressure inside chest cavity -Exhalation: intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. Diaphragm rises and ribs move inward and downward, decreasing size of chest and creating positive pressure inside chest cavity Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
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Practice Question 6.4: List four places a peripheral pulse may be felt |
-Radial artery -Brachial artery -Carotid artery -Femoral artery Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
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Practice Question 6.5: Describe the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
-Central nervous system: composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives information from the body and sends impulses to different areas of the body via the spinal cord -Peripheral nervous system: composed of sensory and motor nerves. They transfer information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
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Practice Question 6.6: List three functions of the skin |
-Protection -Water balance -Temperature regulation -Excretion -Shock absorption Ch. 6, pg. 148 |
