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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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when do you refer a pet to the emergency clinic your clinic was called?
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respiratory distress, life threatening bleeding, changes in mucous membrane color, neurologic status, and potential heat /cold exposure
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when can vomiting be induced?
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only when the animal ingests a non corrosive toxin.
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how much hydrogen peroxide should be given to induce vomiting?
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1 teaspoon per 10lbs of body weight
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an increased respiratory (tachypnea) can reflect what?
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decreased oxygen in blood (hypoxemia) , thoracic trauma, shock, or can be related to non respiratory things such as pain, stress, hyperthermia, or metabolic acidosis.
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bradypnea is commonly associated with what?
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increased intracranial pressure
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what are signs of inspiratory dyspnea?
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long slow inspirations with short expirations
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what are signs of expiratory dyspnea?
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increased abdominal effort on expiration
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labored breathing looks like what?
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breathing thats prolonged and deep
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what is orthopnea? whats it look like?
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condition in which the animal maintains in a specific posture to ease breathing. usually their necks are extended and they stand or crouch with their elbows slightly away from their sides.
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what is an apneustic pattern look like?
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deep inhalation with a long pause before exhalation
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what does cheynestokes breathing look like?
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alternating tachypnea and bradycardia
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what does kussmaul breathing look like?
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a slow deep regular respiratory pattern
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what does paradoxical abdominal breathing look like? indicate?
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abdomen is moving inward rather than outward like it should, usually indicates the diaphragm is paralyzed.
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brick red, brown, or injected mucous membranes could indicate what?
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carbon monixide poisoning, heat stroke, or sepsis
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icteric (yellow) mucous membranes indicates what?
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high levels of bilirubin
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what is borborygmi? if heard in thorax what does that mean?
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rumbling noises caused by gas and ingesta being propelled through the intestines. if heard in the thorax it can indicate diaphragmatic hernia
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what is included in the initial triage of the cardiovascular system?
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mentation, heart rate/rhythm, pulse quality, CRT, extremity temperature, and mucous membrane color.
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what can decreased mentation indicate? why?
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shock state, because the brain isn't getting enough blood to maintain normal function.
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what can tachycardia indicate?
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compensation for shock, pain, fear, and/or anxiety.
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what can bradycardia indicate?
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life-threatening arrhythmia or elevated potassium levels (as seen in patients with urethral obstruction)
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cats in a state of shock often present with __ rather than__ as seen in dogs.
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cats - bradycardia ,dogs - tachycardia
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cardiac rhythms
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what is pulse pressure? and pulse quality?
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the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. how quickly the pulse pressure changes and how long each last.
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a weak pulse typically occurs with what?
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tachycardia, hypotension, or decompensated shock.
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a snappy pulse often occurs with what?
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anemia or severe aortic regurgitation
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what is the focus on the initial triage of the neurologic system?
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looking for evidence of traumatic brain injury such as changes in mentation, pupil size/symmetry/responsiveness, altered gait/posture, altered proprioception or evidence of trauma to the head.
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how can mentation be categorized?
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normal(interactive and alert), dull/depressed(interactive but not bright or eager), obtunded(reacts to stimuli but at a lower level or slower pace), stuporous(disconnected and only responds to noxious stimuli), or comatose(does not react to any stimuli)
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unresponsive big (mydriatic)pupils are called what? what can it mean?
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fixed and dilated, can indicate an irreversible mid brain lesion
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what a the three classic postures related to neurologic injury?
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decerebrate posture, decerebellate posture, and schiff-sherrington posture.
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what does decerebrate posture indicate? and what does it look like?
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indicates a complete disconnection between the forebrain and brainstem. characterized by extreme stiffness of all four legs and may involve optisthotonus (arching of neck and back), and mentation is usually stuporous to comatose
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what does decerebellate posture indicate? what does it look like?
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indicates severe injury to the cerebellum. stiff forelimbs and flexed hindlimbs, animal will have normal mentation.
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what does schiff-sherrington posture indicate? look like?
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T3-L3 spinal cord lesion. forelimbs are stiff and hindlimbs are flaccid when the animal is on it's side, but when picked up and put on its feet it can walk around, animal has normal mentation.
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describe <5% dehydration?
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not clinically detectable
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describe 5% dehydration
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mild dryness to mucous membranes, not reliable if patient has been panting
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describe 7% dehydration
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mild loss of skin turgur, dry mucous membranes, and possible tachycardia.
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describe 10% dehydration
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pronounced loss of skin turgor, dry MM, tachycardia, weak pulses, and sunken eyes.
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describe >10% dehydration
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severe loss of skin turgor, sunken eyes, shock, coma, and death.
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what causes hypovolemia
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loss of blood volume caused by shock, trauma, hemorrhage, profuse vomiting or diarrhea
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what indicates hypovolemic shock?
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tachycardia, weak pulses, hypotension, and prolonged CRT
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what is the normal blood pH?
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7.4
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what is a normal systolic blood pressure in dogs and cats?
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80-140mm hg
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what is normal diastolic pressures in dogs and cats?
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50-80mm hg
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what is the normal mean pressure in dogs and cats?
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60-100mm hg
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