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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Treatment for aortic thromboembolism
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1) analgesia: torbutrol 0.2mg/kg SQ q8h or acepromazine SQ 0.1mg/kg
2) Fluids 3) +/- sodium bacarbonate 1mEq/kg IV over 2-5 minutes 4) Heparin: 200-300IU/kg IV the SQ q8h for 2 days |
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Give a good sedation protocol for the emergency cardiac patient
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Dogs: acepromazine 0.03mg/kg IM, Butorphanol 0.2-0.4mg/kg IM
Cats: acepromazine 0.1mg/kg IM, butorphanol 0.2mg/kg IM |
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List 4 common causes of metabolic alkalosis.
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1) Acute,profuse vomiting
2) Pyloric outflow obstruction 3) Excessive use of diuretics 4) Bicarbonate therapy |
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What 2 things characterize a peritonitis as septic?
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1) Presence of bacteria
2) Degenerate neutrophils |
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Peritoneal fluid with bewteen 1000-7000 cells/μl and between 2.5-7.5 g/dl protein is called a ...
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modified transudate
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The term for PaCO2 > 45mmHg is ...
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Hypercapnia or respiratory acidosis
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How can one diagnose uroabdomen with abdominocentesis and serum?
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Creatinine in the abdominal fluid will be greater than serum.
Note that the BUN should be the same in both because BUN reaches equilibrium across the peritoneum |
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The dose of Benedryl for allergic reactions:
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1-2 mg/kg IM
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Normal arterial pH:
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7.35-7.45
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Characterize an exudate.
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>7000 cells/μl
>3.0 g/dl protein |
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What are the typical characteristics of an FIP effusion?
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1) non-septic
2) straw-colored 3) hypocellular 4) foamy (protein rich) 5) macrophages and non-degenerate neutrophils |
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The term for PaCO2 < 35mmHg:
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Hypocapnia or respiratory alkalosis
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Name the most common causes of NON-septic peritoneal exudate.
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1) bile peritonitis
2) hemoabdomen 3) chylous effusion 4) uroperitoneum 5) neoplasia |
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Peritoneal fluid with:
>7000 cells/μl & >3.0 g/dl protein is called a ... |
exudate
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Characterize a transudate
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<1500 cells/μl
<2.5 g/dl protein |
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Characterize a modified transudate.
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1000-7000 cells/μl
2.5-7.5 g/dl protein |
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Name some important causes of spetic peritonitis.
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1) rupture of GI tract from GDV, obstruction, or surgical breakdown
2) rupture of hepatic, pancreatic, or prostatic abscess 3) contamination from pyometra 4) puncture or bite wound |
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How many platelets per high-powered field would indicate a thrombocytopenia in danger of bleeding?
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0-3/hpf in the monolayer
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The emergency CPR dose of epinephrine is ...
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0.2mg/kg IV
0.4mg/kg IT |
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Name the components of the cardiac conduction system in order.
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1) SA node
2) internodal tracts 3) AV node 4) bundle of His 5) right and left bundle branches 6) purkinje fibers |
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What does a PvCO2 of 53mmHG indicate?
note: this is VENOUS |
Hypercapnia or respiratory acidosis
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Can venous blood be used to assess acid-base balance?
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Yes.
However, PvCO2 is 3-6 mmHG higher than PaCO2 so .. Normal PvCO2=38-51mmHG |
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At what PaO2 do we begin treatment for hypoxemia?
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PaO2<60mmHG
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What is considered hypertensive in dogs and cats?
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systolic >180mmHg
diastolic >120mmHg |
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The term for PaO2<80mmHg?
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Hypoxemia
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What is the normal PaO2 on room air at sea level?
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80 to 110 mmHg
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What is the normal range for base excess?
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-4 to +4 mEq/L
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What is the normal range for HCO3?
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18-24 mmol/L
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What 2 values can be used to assess the metabolic component of acid-base balance?
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HCO3-(bicarbonate)
or base excess |
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What value is used to assess the respiratory component on acid-base balance?
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PaCO2
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What causes hypercapnia or respiratory acidosis?
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alveolar hypoventilation
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The ECG complex abnormality associated with left atrial enlargment:
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widened P wave
dog: >0.04sec cat: >0.04sec |
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Hypocapnia in the dog starts at:
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PaCO2 <35mmHg
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Peritoneal fluid with:
<1500 cells/μl and <2.5 g/dl protein is called a... |
transudate
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The term for arterial pH<7.35 is ...
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acidemia, part of the overall process called acidosis
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Name the 6 steps to ECG analysis.
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1) calculate heart rate
2) interpret rhythm 3) measure durations and amplitudes 4) identify effects of electrolytes 5) establish mean electrical axis 6) identify effects of atrial and ventricular enlargement |
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The term for arterial pH > 7.45 is ...
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Alkalemia, part of the overall process called alkalosis
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What is represented by the PR interval?
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impulse travel time from the SA node through the AV node to the ventricles.
(The ventricles fill during this time) |
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What lactate value is correlated with the need for gastric resection in GDV?
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6
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Why can't you use hypertonic saline is a dehydrated animal to rapidly incrase vascular tone?
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The extracellular (extravascular) volume is already contracted.
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How does the kidney maintain electroneutrality during excessive loss of chloride?
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By reabsorbing bicarbonate
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Which electrolyte is most commonly affected by changes in acid-base balance?
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K+
Severe metabolic acidosis increases K+ Severe metabolic alkalosis decrease K+ |
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What is the maximum dose of bicarb not to be exceeded?
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0.25 mEq/kg
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Normal PaCO2?
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35-45mmHg
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List 5 common causes of respiratory acidosis.
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1) anesthesia
2) respiratory depressant drugs 3) obesity 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5) brain injuries |
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list 6 common causes of metabolic acidosis.
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1) renal failure
2) diarrha 3) chronic vomiting 4) severe shock 5) diabetes mellitus 6) hypoadrenocorticism |
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What liver enzyme metabolizes ethylene glycol?
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alcohol dehydrogenase
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What does a PvCO2 of 47mmHg indicate?
note: this is VENOUS |
Nothing.
While outside the range of PaCO2, it is less than 3 mmHG higher that 45 mmHg so still within the normal range of PvCO2 |
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2 drugs for ethylene glycol toxicity:
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1) grain alcohol
2) 4MP (fomepizole) |
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3 categories of crystaloids and an example of each
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1) hypotonic: D5W, 0.45% NaCl
2) Isotonic: LRS, Norm-R, 0.9% NaCl 3) Hypertonic: hypertonic saline ~7% NaCl |
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Approximate doseof hypertonic saline to raoidly increase blood volume:
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3-5 ml/kg
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What about ethylene glycol is damaging to the kidney?
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Ocalate and maybe other metabolites from hepatic metabolism of EG.
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What is the biggest problem we worry about with hyperkalemia?
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cardiac arrhythmias (bradycardia)
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List 4 common causes of respiratory alkalosis
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1) Fever
2) Left to right shunts 3) Shock 4) Hypoxemia |
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The dose of calcium gluconate for hyperkalemia?
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50-150 mg/kg slow IV
(3cc/cat) |
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What is represented by the width of the P wave?
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The time of impulse travel from the SA node to the AV node.
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Give the steps to pass a stomach tube in a GDV dog.
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1)+/- sedation (hydro-val)
2) roll of tape in mouth 3) Measure tube length to last rib 4) pass tube with care 5) feel for tube in esophagus 6) lavage |
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The ECG complex abnormality associated with right atrial enlargment?
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TALL P waves
dog: >0.4mV cat: >0.2mV |
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How do you treat sustained or significant ventricular tachycardia in the dog?
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lidocaine 2mg/kg/min bolus
repeat up to 8mg/kg total over 10 minutes. If successful start CRI @ 50 to 70μg/kg/min. CATS REQUIRE LESS |
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Under what conditions do you treat ventricular tachycardia?
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1) Very rapid (>200/min)
2) Causing hypotension (<90mmHg systolic) 3) Animal is symptomatic 4) Suspect degeneration to V. fib |
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Secondary treatment for dogs with DCM?
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Dobutamine CRI @ 2.5 to 10 μg/kg/min
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Secondary treatment for mitral regurgitation after stabilization with lasix and nitroglycerine?
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Oral hydralazine 0.5mg/kg PO q12h
increase to 3.0mg/kg over several days |
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Initial treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema regardless of cause?
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1) Furosemide 2-6mg/kg IV hourly until responsive
2)O2 3) Nitroglycerine 1/2cm to 4cm percutaneously q8h |
