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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does vomiting of blood or a material that resembles coffee grounds indicate? |
Upper GI bleed. |
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What is melena? |
Dark, tarry, very odourous stools caused by upper GI bleeds. |
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What does melena indicate? |
Rectal blood loss. |
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Why is some blood loss termed occult? |
Because it is only determined by fecal testing and is not obvious to the patient or caregiver. |
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What is esophageal varices? |
Occurs when the pressure within the blood vessels of the distal esophagus increases due to liver damage or scaring of the liver. Interior damage to the liver causes slower blood flow and higher venous pressures, causing an increased risk of bleeding. Esophageal varices can present with massive, life-threatening upper GI bleeding. |
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What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome? |
When the esophageal lining tears during severe vomiting. Spillage of gastric contents into the mediastinum can result in pneumothorax and overwhelming sepsis. |
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What is peptic ulcer disease? |
When the protective layer of the stomach and duodenum is eroded, allowing acid to eat into the mucosal lining of the stomach. |
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What is mastication? |
The process of chewing. |
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What is peristalsis? |
The rhythmic contractions of the intestines and esophagus that allow material to move. |
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What is the purpose of the portal vein? |
To transport venous blood from the GI tract directly to the liver for processing of the nutrients that have been absorbed. Intertwined around the esophagus are veins that drain into a more complex series of veins, which ultimately join together as the portal vein. |
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What is the material that exits the pyloric sphincter after digestion called? |
Chyme |
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What is the term for the stomach growling? |
Borborygmi |
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What is hyperperistalsis? |
Enhanced bowel sounds. |
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Where is pain for kidney stones felt? |
The flank, migrating to the groin. |
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What is acute renal failure? |
A sudden decrease in filtration though the glomeruli, accompanied by an increase of toxins in the blood. |
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What is the condition called for when the urine output drops to less than 500 ml/day? |
Oliguria |
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What is the condition called when urine production stops completely? |
Anuria |
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What are the three types of acute renal failure? |
-Prerenal -Intrarenal -Postrenal |
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What happens in prerenal ARF? |
Hyopperfusion of the kidneys. Not enough blood passes into the glomeruli for them to produce filtrate. This can be caused by hypovolemia, trauma, shock, sepsis, and heart failure. |
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What happens in intrarenal ARF? |
Damage to the glomeruli capillaries and small blood vessels, the cells of the kidney tubules, or the renal parenchyma caused by immune-mediated diseases. The damage hinders blood flow through these vital parts of the nephrons. |
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What happens in postrenal ARF? |
Obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys, most often a blockage of the urethra by prostate enlargement, renal calculi, or strictures. This hinders the cleansing functions of the kidneys causing hyperkalemia and/or metabolic acidosis. |
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What is uremic frost? |
A powdery accumulation of uric acid, usually around the face. |
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What is visceral pain? |
Crampy, aching pain, deep within the body. It can be hard to pinpoint the source. |
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What is thermogenesis? |
Production of heat. |
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What is thermolysis? |
The release of stored heat and energy from the body.
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What is considered hypothermia? |
A temperature below 35 degrees C |
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What is considered heat stroke? |
A temperature above 40 degrees C |
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What is the basal metabolic rate? |
The heat energy produced at rest from normal body metabolic reactions. |
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What are the types of thermolysis? |
-Radiation -Conduction -Convection -Evaporation |
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What is heat illness? |
An increase in core body temp due to inadequate thermolysis. |
