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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Spina bifida where
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anywhere along vert col, including skull
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Spina bifida causes
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CSF drainage problem b/c of hindbrain anomaly
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spina bifida def
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separation of vertebral elements in midline
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spina bifida occulta chars
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common, hidden, hairs or fatty pouch (lipoma)
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spina bifida aperta two types
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meningocele, myelo-meningocele
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meningocele defects
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bony defects and meningeal sac
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myelo-meningocele defects
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bony defect, meningeal sac, plus spinal cord or cauda
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90% spina bifida cases have
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hindbrain problems cant drain CSF->hydrocephalus
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Lorbers paradox
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aggr. treatment = more survivors, greater handicaps
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Hindbrain problems with spina bifida
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cerebellum displaces ->sp. canal+pons/medulla distort
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blockage in spina bifida -> drainage problem cause
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aqueduct between ventricles & spine
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hydrocephalus why
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CSF doesnt drain, accumulates, ventricles increase, brain swells, head swells (bones not fused)
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shunt CSF to where for hydrocephalus
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peritoneal cavity
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distortion/compression of brainstem problems
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traction on cervical/cranial nerves: apnea - may stop breathing, dysphagia, vcal crd paralysis, head control
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orthopedic treatment of spina bifida includes
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kyphosis (gibbos ulceration), scoliosis treatment, correction of musc/tendons/joints
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face created from
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brain (neuroectoderm), neural crest cells + mesoderm
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mesoderm (neural crest cells) forms which part of face
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facial bones proliferate & migrate -> face bones
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skull base
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from somites
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skull vault
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unsegmented mesoderm
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placode
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ectodermal thickenings: naso, optic, otic
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nasal placodes form
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2 frontonasal processes->split on either side of nasal pit: lateral/medial nasal placodes
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fuses into mandible
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mandibular arches
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upper jaw
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maxillary process portion of mandibular process
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upper lip
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mandibular processes joining frontonasal process
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forms sides of roof of mouth
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secondary palatal shelves
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forms front of top of mouth
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primary palate
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bears 4 incisor teeth
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primary palate (all other teeth on maxillary process)
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palates fuse superiorly with
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nasal septum
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back of secondary palate
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uvula
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must be removed for palatal shelves to fuse
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epithelium
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Cyclops
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holoprosencephaly, non-hemispheric brain, nose in forehead(or absent), 1 eye, upper lip=maxillary processes (no nasal tissue), no incisor teeth, canines in midline mentally retarded
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eyes too close
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hypotelorism
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eyes far apart
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hypertelorism
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median cleft face syndrome
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hyperteloric, mentally normal, variety: facial abnorm.
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cleft lip causes
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genetic + environmental (pollution?): MUTATION
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cleft lip may or may not occur with
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cleft palate
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cleft palate caused by
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shelves small but otherwise normal: not enough crest cells cant meet, tongue not working, jaw too small tongue cant move, epithelium still on shelves cant fuse.
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pharangeal arch components
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cartilage, muscle, nerves (maj+min), vessels
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arch grows back and buries other arches
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2nd
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space beneath arch that grows back
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cervical sinus
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Area beneath arch doesnt disappear, causes:
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branchial/pharangeal cyst can become infected/require removal
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branchial (pharangeal cyst) where?
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ANTERIOR to Sternocleidomastoid (otherwise if posterior, lymph nodes: malignancy? lymphoma?)
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2nd arch fuses where
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along ANTERIOR border of Sternocleidomastoid
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ears develop from
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neural crest cells
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Arch 1 nerve
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V3 (+chorda tympani of VII)
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Arch 1 muscles
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mastication
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Arch 1 bones
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mandible, plus upper parts of malleus/incus
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Chorda tympani nerve serves
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tast: anterior 2/3 of tongue
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Arch 2 nerve
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VII (+tympanic of IX)
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Arch 2 muscles
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facial expression
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Arch 2 bones
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styloid, lower malleus/incus, stapes, hyoid
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Little kids with facial abnormalities may be
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deaf (if Arch 1&2 face deforms, also ear ossicles)
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Arch 3 nerves
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IX (+auricular of X)
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Arch 3 muscles
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stylopharyngeus
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Arch 3 bones
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hyoid (lower part)
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Arch 4 nerves
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sup. laryngeal of X
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Arch 4 muscles
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larynx/pharynx
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Arch 4 bones
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larynx
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Arch 6 nerves
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recurrent laryngeal
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Arc 6 muscles
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larynx/pharynx
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Arch 6 bones
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larynx
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If short of neural crest cells = result?
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small mandible, hard of hearing
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tongue is
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epithelial bag of muscle
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tongue muscle derivation
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occipital bone somites
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tongue muscle innervation
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CN XII
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portion of tongue from arch 1
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lateral lingual swellings tip of tongue
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portion of tongue from arch 2
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copula connecting piece is grown over by arch 3
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portion of tongue from arch 3
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hypobranchial eminence posterior portion of tongue
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Anterior 2/3 of tongue arch and innervation
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1st arch, V3 lingual nerve + taste: VII chorda tympani
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No nerve VII =
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No taste, no taste buds: buds need nerves 4 devel.
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Treacher Collins syndrome: caused by
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Autosomal dominant with mutations (GENETIC)
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Treacher Collins symptoms
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small mandible/maxillae, cleft palate, no zygomas, anti-mongoloid eyeslant, no lower eyelashes, notched lid, DEAF: abnormal incus/malleus, malformed ears, NORMAL MENTALLY
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Lateral facial displasia
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due to bleeding in utero: toxic. Normal mentally, asymmetry can involve all structures
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major artery of face in adult
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facial artery
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major artery of face in embryo
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stapedial artery (goes through hole in stapes later obliterates)
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During changeover of blood supply, problem, causes?
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face is vulnerable to bleeding when changing blood supp. to face, can cause lateral facial dysplasia
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endocrine glands (3)
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thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary
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thyroid derivation
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endoderm of tongue
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thyroid created from
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foramen cecum tunnel at back of tongue buds off, foramen atrophies, becomes fibrous
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normal form of thyroid
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two lateral lobes with connecting isthmus
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if more glandular tissue, thyroid may have
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pyramidal lobe
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hormones of thyroid produced by
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endodermal cells
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thyroid has components of what germ layers
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all neural crest which migrate to thyroid, vessels from mesoderm, epithelial layer
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thyroid cells produce
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calcitonin
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lingual thyroid
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back of tongue. can be where valecula should be
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thyroid in chest
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descends too far
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thyrotoxicosis
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HUNGRY, anxious, panicky high heart rate, heart may fail: beats too fast to fill
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Thyroid deficiency in adults
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Myxedema
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thyrotoxicosis symptoms
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staring bulging eyes, jumpy fast metabolic rate
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hypothyroid
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causes cretinism in children
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cretinism symptoms
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mentally retarded dwarfs, sleep a lot, dont want to eat, tongue hangs out, if neo-natal, MUST give thyroid hormone, or will have developmental problems
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% of newborns without thyroid
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70%
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% with thyroid that cant produce/release/respond to
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30% - not enough thyroid hormone = death.
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Dietary reasons for cretinism
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iodine deficiency, (some diets: cassava:binds iodine)
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parathyroid gland purpose
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high calcium level
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if too much parathyroid, condition?
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hyperparathyroidism: high calcium level in blood, stones in urinary tract, less calcium in bones = fractures, paranoia
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mneomnic for hyperparathyroidism
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stones bones moans groans
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parathyroid glands develop where
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pouches 3 & 4
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pouch 3 parathyroid
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inferior
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pouch 4 parathyroid
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superior
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Parathyroid location, number
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variable, variable.
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embryonic mouth name
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stomadea (from stomadeal placode)
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anterior pituitary origin
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stomadeal placode > rathkes pouch -> anterior pit.
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posterior pituitary origin
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downgrowth of diencephalons infundibulum posterior pituitary + stalk
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effect if no anterior pituitary in kids
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failure to grow
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anterior pituitary produces
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hGH
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Posterior pituitary produces
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antidieuretic hormone
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Anterior pituitary stalk connection
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blood vessels
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Posterior pituitary stalk connection
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nerves
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which pituitary: acute signs if damaged ant or post?
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posterior: no antidiuretic hormone (normally gets kidney to reabsorb fluid) if gone pour out GALLONS of urine -> patients need LOTS of IV fluid
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posterior pituitary stalk if damaged
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will grow back over time
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benign tumour of Rathkes pouch -where ant. pit. devel
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Craniopharyngioma
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rathkes pouch tumour will effect
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hormone & cranial nerve problems, esp. CNII, compressed by tumour growth
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craniopharyngeoma symptoms
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bitemporal hemianopia (cant see out to sides or may go blind if enough nerves damaged) hormonal problems (kids with pubic hair, breasts, pigmented nipples, that are also BLIND) SURGICAL TRTMNT.
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