Embryology - Questions

Front 1

1) Cell types that appear in morphologically identifiable forms during granulopoiesis? (6)

Back 1

-myeloblast
-premyelocyte
-myelocyte
-metamyelocyte
-Stab
- granulocyte

Front 2

2) 1st precursor of RBC identifiable in Red bone marrow?

Back 2

Pro-erythrocyte

Front 3

3) 1st precursor in which Hemoglobin appears?

Back 3

Ortho-chromato-phillic erythroblast

Front 4

4) what does appearance of polychromatophilic staining indicates?

Back 4

Presense of Haemoglobin

Front 5

5) stages of monocyte development (3)

Back 5

1. Monoblast
2. Pro-monocyte
3. Monocyte

Front 6

6) Hemeopoietic organs in the intrauterine development? Name them in order of development.

Back 6

Yolk sac ---> liver -----> spleen -----> red bone marrow

Front 7

7) most important cells in immune response (3)

Back 7

1 Lymphocytes
2 plasma cells
3 macrophages

Front 8

8) Pathway of lymph through lymph nodes.

Back 8

1. Affetent lymphatic vessels
2. Sub-capsular sinus
3. Cortical sinus
4. Medullary Sinus
5. Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

Front 9

9) In which part of lymph nodes are located more densely: a) B-cells. b) T-cells. c) Plasma cells.

Back 9

a) in Follicles
b) in para-cortex
c) in medullary cords

Front 10

10) stages of erythrocyte development: (6)

Back 10

1. Pro-erythro-blast
2. Basophilic Erythro-blast
3. Poly-chromato-philic erythroblast
4. ortho-chromato-philic erythro-blast (normoblast)
5. poly-chromato-philic
erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
6. erythrocyte

Front 11

11. Define Acrosome Reaction

Back 11

Release of enzymes (hyaluronidase , proteolitic enz) from the acrosome of the spermatozoa, induced by binding to ZP3 receptor in order for the spermatozoa to penetrate Zona Pellucida of Ovum.

Front 12

12. Primordial germ cells -where 1st appear and where to they migrate to?

Back 12

Formed - During 2nd week in EPIBLAST, migrate to WALL of YOLK SAC.
During 4th week - migrate to developing gonads.

Hint 12

Epiblast ---> wall of yolk sack → dev. gonads

Front 13

13. Define Cleavage

Back 13

Series of mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum which increase the number of blastomeres – thus forming morula (16 blastomere formation)

Hint 13

series of mitotic divisions
fertilized ovum
number of blastomeres
Morula

Front 14

14. Define Capacitation

Back 14

Shedding of a glycoprotein and seminal plasma proteins from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa – so to allow penetration of the corona radiata.

Front 15

15) Define Cortical or Zona reaction

Back 15

Exocytosis of CORTICAL GRANULES by ovum which contain enzymes that digest sperm receptor proteins and cause impermeability of the plasma membrane of ovum. Aim of preventing polyspermy.

Front 16

16) Define Gastrulation + write embryonic structures that develop from it

Back 16

Process of forming the 3 primary germ layers (trilaminar germ disc) from the epiblast – involving migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form mesoderm and ectoderm.
(u can also specify that it occurs arround beginning of 3rd week)

Hint 16

Epiblast =
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Front 17

17) Draw Secondary Blastocyst + Label Parts

Back 17

Min 12

Front 18

18) Viability of sperm and ovum

Back 18

Ovum: around 24 Hrs.
Sperm: around 72 Hrs (2-6 days)

Front 19

19) how long is an embryo at:
-1 month. - 2 months

Back 19

1 month: around 5 mm
2 months: around 30 mm

Front 20

20) What is the role of Syn-Cytio-Trophoblast

Back 20

Min 17

Front 21

21) parts of extraembryonic mesoderm at end of 2nd week ?

Back 21

1. splanchnopleuric mesoderm
2. somatopleuric mesoderm

Front 22

22) parts of extraembryonic mesoderm at end of 3rd week?

Back 22

1. splanchno-pleuric mesoderm
2. somato-pleuric mesoderm
3. connecting stalk
4. chorionic mesoderm

Front 23

23) difference between cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Back 23

Min. 16

Front 24

24) areas of embryonic disc where mesoderm not formed thus endo and ectoderm remain in contact

Back 24

Buccopharyngeal membrane(=oropharyngeal membrabe)
Cloacal membrane

Front 25

25) 3 structures that derive from neural crest

Back 25

-Melanocytes
-Schwann cells
-Glial cells ( only by Antal!)
Connective tissue and bones of the face and skull

Front 26

26) 3 parts of intraembryonic mesoderm at the beginning of its differentiation

Back 26

1. Paraxial intraembryonic mesoderm
2. intermediate intraembryonic mesoderm
3. lateral plate mesoderm

Front 27

27) placodes: definition and derivates.

Back 27

Def: thickening of the surface ectoderm at the cephalic region of the embryo.

lens placodes: -lenses of eye
branchial placodes-sensory ganglia of 7,9,10 cranial nerves.
Epibranchial placodes-sensory epithelium of the teste buds.
nasal placodes: - olfactory epithelium

Front 28

28) 3 clusters that derive from somites

Back 28

1. sclerotome
2. myotome
3. dermatome

Front 29

29) structures that derive from ectoderm during 3rd week

Back 29

1. neural plate
2. neural tube
3, neural crest
4, neural fold

Front 30

30) 3 molecules that influence somite differentiation?

Back 30

SHH (sonic hedgehog)
neurotrophin 3(NT3)
PAX 1/ PAX 3

Front 31

31) Define: neurolation

Back 31

The formation of the neural tube by closure of the neural plate, directed by the underlying notochord.

Front 32

32) proteins involved in axis formation

Back 32

1. BMP-4
2. Lefty
3. cerebrus

Front 33

33) Formation of IV discs:

Back 33

Developed from Notochord & Somites. + Mesenchymal Cells between cephalic & causal part of original sclerotome.

Front 34

34) what is meant by rearrangement of sclerotomes:

Back 34

the joining of the caudal half of one sclerotome to cephalic part of subjacent sclerotome – forming vertebra. (Min 48)

Front 35

35) list the fetal membranes

Back 35

1.amnion
2.chorion

Front 36

36) signs of maturation of a new born

Back 36

1. for females: labia majora covers labia minora.
2. for males: testes in scrotum
3. forehead-hair border evident

Front 37

37) Cephalo-caudal folding / lateral-transverse folding:

Back 37

Minimal

Front 38

38) hormones produced by placenta

Back 38

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropins), hCS (human chorionic somatotrophin), Progesteron, Estrogenic hormones, relaxin.

Front 39

39) layers of chorionic plate

Back 39

1. amniotic epithelium
2. central mesoderm
3. chorionic mesoderm
4. syncytiotrophoblast
5. cytotrophoblast

Front 40

40) derivates of the ectoderm:

Back 40

1. CNS (central nervous system)
2. PNS (peripheral “ “).
3. epidermis, hair, nails.
4. Sensory epithelium of ear, nose, eyes

Front 41

41) function of amniotic fluid, origin of amniotic fluid.

Back 41

Functions: shock absorbance, prevents adhesion of embryo to amnion, allows fetal movement.
Formed by amnioblasts and maternal blood (mainly by maternal blood)

Front 42

42) Skull

Back 42

chondrocranium
viscerocranium

Front 43

43) Twins minimal

Back 43

1. with separate placenta, amnion and chorion.
2. Common placenta and chorion, separate amniotic cavities,
3. common placenta, chorion and amniotic cavity.

Front 44

44) names of blood vessels of mature umbilical cord? Which transports Ox. Blood?

Back 44

- 2 umbilical arteries.
- 1 umbilical vein – which transports Ox. Blood.

Front 45

45) what is the connecting stalk and how does it develop further?

Back 45

Min 20

Front 46

46) layers of mature oocyte which are ejected with him during ovulation?

Back 46

1.Zona Pellucida
2. Corona Radiata