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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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larynx made of...
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endoderm (epithlium and vocal cords)
mesoderm (muscles and cartillage) |
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larnyx develops from
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pharyngeal arches 4 and 6
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innervation of larynx
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recurrent laryngeal nerve
superior laryngeal nerve |
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name of thing that separates trachea and esophagus
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tracheoesopageal ridge/septum
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primary bronchi lead to
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lungs
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secondary bronchi lead to
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lobes
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tertiary bronchi lead to
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bronchopulmonary segments
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two divisions of airway system
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conducting portion
respiratory portion |
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purpose of surfactant
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reduces surface tension so lungs dont collapse after exhaling
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esophageal atresia
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abnormal division of esophagus and trachea
inability to swallow (tube just ends) |
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tracheoesophageal fistula
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incomplete separation of the esophagus from trachea...stomach acid into lungs
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conducting portion
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nasal cavity through terminal bronchioles
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respiratory portion
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respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
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what does respiratory epithelium consist of
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelum...goblet cells...brush cells...basal cells...granule cells
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where can resp. epithelium be found
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all of conducting portion except epiglottis
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trachea
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c-shaped hyaline cartilage with opening on back...resp. epith.
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bronchi
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hyaline cartilage: rings, plates, islands...resp. epith...MALT
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terminal bronchiole
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no cartilage, no glands...clara cells
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resp. bronchioles
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same as terminal bronchioles but they have alveoli...ciliated columnar to cuboidal...clara cells
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alveoli
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s.s epith (type 1 and 2), dust cells (macrophages)
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blood air barrier
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alveolar cell (type 1), BM, endothelium
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capillaries surrounding alveoli are
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continuous
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emphysema
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enlargement of airspaces
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asthma
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inflammation of airways
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anthracosis
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blackening due to carbon deposits
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body cavity made from
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intraembryonic coelem
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septum transversum
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c3-c5...forms central tendon of diaphragm
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pleuropericardial folds
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separates heart from lungs
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pleuroperitoneal membranes
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helps close the pericardioperitoneal canals by making the posterior part of diaphragm
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which side of pleuroperitoneal membrane is bigger
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left
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diaphragm made from
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septum transversum
plueuroperitoneal membranes body wall mesoderm (somatic lateral plate) |
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innervation of the diapragm
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phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
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congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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pulmonary hypoplasia...intestines move up into left pleural cavity and push lung over
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which occurs first...vasculogenesis or angiogenesis
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vasculogenesis
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vasculogenesis
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de novo formation of bv's
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angiogenesis
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branching from already existing bv's
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cardiogenic field
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collection of blood islands in intraembryonic splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
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vasculogenesis occurs where and when?
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in the intraembryonic splanchinc LP mesoderm in week 3 (between the endoderm and splanchnic LP mesoderm)
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2 ___ fuse together to make 1___ during heart formation
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2 endocaridal tubes fuse to make 1 primitive heart tube
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2 dorsal arches fuse to make 1 aorta around what level
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c4
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double layer of mesoderm holding gut tube
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dorsal mesentery
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double layer of mesoderm holding heart
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dorsal mesocardium
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cardiac jelly is between...
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endoderm and splanchnic lp mesoderm
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transverse pericardial sinus origin
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dorsal mesocardium
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layers of primitive heart tube starting with innermost
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endothelium
cardiac jelly splanchnic mesoderm epicardium (visceral pericar) |
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order of heart tube
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bulbus cordis
primitive vent. prim. atrium sinus venosus |
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parts of the bulbus cordis
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Truncus arteriosus
Conus cordis Proximal part of bulbis cordis (remember from top to bottom Tits, Clit, Pussy) |
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truncus arteriosis:
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root of aorta and pulm trunk
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conus cordis
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outlet of blood from both ventricles
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prox. part of bulbus cordis
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R ventricle
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primitive ventricle
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L vent
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primitive atrium
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both atria (mostly L)
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sinus venosis
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R atrium (coronary sinus and oblique vein from the left posterior cardinal vein...sinus venarum...crista terminalis)
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within original pericardial cavity
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bulbis cordis
primitive ventricle |
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within septum transversum
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primitive atrium
sinus venosis |
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2 strictures on outside of heart tube
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bulboventricular sulcus
atrioventricular sulcus |
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2 inside paths between chambers of heart tube
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Primary interventricular foramen....atrioventricular canal
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primary interventricular foramen between....
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bulbus cordis and primitive ventricle
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atrioventricular canal between...
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primitive atrium and primitive ventricle
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after looping the atria are in what position to the bulbus cordis
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behind and to each side
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the cardiogenic area is where when the blood islands are forming
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rostral to the oropharyngeal membrane
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the right horn enlarges to make the
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sinus venarum
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what is the sinus venarum
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smooth part of right atrium (posterior part) where the right horn enters
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veins making up each horn medial to lateral:
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vitilline vein
umbillical vein cardinal vein |
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sinus venosis drains
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yolk sac
placenta embryonic body |
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crista terminalis derivative:
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sinus venosis
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what is crista terminalis
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divider b/t smooth part of sinus venarum and the muscular part (this is where the pectinate muscles attach)
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what are the endocardial cushions made out of
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NC mesenchyme and endocardial cells
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septation defect due to faulty endocardial cushions would also cause
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other NC related problems
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where do the endocardial cushions form
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they build up in cardiac jelly b/t endo and myocardium
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atrial septation
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septum primum, septum segundum
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where and how does ostium segundum forms:
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it forms in septum primum by apoptosis after ostium primum closes
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which septum is more muscular...primum or segundum
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segundum
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which septum forms on the side closer to the right atrium?
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segundum
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where is foramen ovale formed?
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septum segundum
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blood flow through foramen ovale goes through that hole then through what?
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ostium segundum into the left atrium
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blood flow direction b/t atria in fetus?
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R atria to L via foramen ovale
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atrioventricular septum formed by
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fusion of superior and inferior endocardial cushions
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muscular ventricular septation
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muscular: grows up from bottom and does NOT fuse with AV septum allowing some comm. b/t 2 ventricles
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two things contribute to ventricular septation:
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muscular: growth up
membranous: truncal cushions that twist |
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what separates truncus arteriosus and conus cordis and makes the membranous part of the IV septum?
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truncus cusions: they twist as they grow
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what makes the sinus venarum of the right atrium
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right horn
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VALVE of foramen ovale formed by
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septum primum (foramen ovale is in septum segundum)
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ventricular septal defect
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most common cardiac malformation...R and L ventricles communicate...BAD
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tetrology of fallot
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all 4 chambers comm. with each other: overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, rt vent. hypertrophy, VSD
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persistent truncus arteriosis
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common trunk leading to aorta and pulm trunk so mixing of blood...bad
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great vessel transposition
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no twisting so aorta drains R vent and pulm trunk drans L vent...patent ductus arteriosis
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how many pairs of aortic arches
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5...one for each pharyngeal arch:1,2,3,4,6
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what is aortic sac
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right above truncus arteriosis...forms aorta and brachiocephalic trunk
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1st arch
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maxillary a
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2nd arch
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stapedial a
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3rd arch
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R and L common carotid aa(and internal carotids)
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4th arch
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on left: part of aorta
on right: subclavian a |
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L and R common carotid arteries come from?
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3rd aortic arch
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aorta formed from
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4th aortic arch and aortic sac
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6th arch
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on left: ductus arteriosis
on right: R pulm. art |
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aortic sac forms
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brachiocephalic trunk
part of aorta |
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brachiocephalic trunk embryonic origin
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aortic sac
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R pulm. artery embronic origin
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6th aortic arch
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ductus arteriosis embyo. origin
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6th aortic arch
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R subclavian a embryo origin
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4th arch
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vitiline plexus of arteries supply
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celiac trunk
superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric |
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umbilical artery comes off of the:
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common iliac artery
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how many umbilical arteries are there
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2
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what do the umbilical arteries do (function)
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carry blood away from embryo out the placenta to pick up nutrients from mom
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umbilical arteries carry what type of blood...oxy or deoxy?
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deoxygenated blood (they go to pick up nutrients)
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umbilical vein does what? which one is functional in the embryo?
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carry nutrient rich blood from mom back to embryo...left (forms ductus venosus)
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what type of blood do umbilical veins carry...oxy or deoxy?
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oxygenated blood...on their way back from mom filled with nutrients
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umbilical arteries degenerate to make what?
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mediAL umbilical ligaments
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coronary arteries are made from?
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proepicardial cells (from septum transversum that migrate up and invade the aorta)
epicardium |
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vitelline veins
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involved with liVer
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left umbilical vein makes what?
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ductus venosus (degenerate to make ligamentum teres/venosum)
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where is ductus venosis from, where does it go, and what does it become?
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from L Umbilical vein
bypasses liver forms ligamentum venosum |
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which umbilical vein degenerates?
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right
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which umbilical vein does not degenerate immediately and what does it form
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left umbilical vein forms ductus venosus which bypasses liver and ends up forming ligamentum venosum
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left posterior cardinal vein does what?
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degenerates and forms oblique vein and coronary sinus
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left anterior cardinal vein does what?
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left brachiocephalic vein (connects right and left cardinal veins)
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right anterior cardinal vein makes what?
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SVC
right brachiocephalic vein |
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left brachiocephalic vein is formed by...
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left anterior cardinal vein
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right brachiocephalic vein formed by...
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right anterior cardinal vein
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SVC comes from
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right anterior cardinal vein
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IVC comes from
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right Vitilline vein
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ductus venosis formed by
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left umbillical vein
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role of placenta
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oxygenation, blood filtration, provide nutrients, pulmonary functions, digestive functions
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what things are used to bypass the pulmonary system in the fetus
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ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale
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what is used to bypass the liver
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ductus venosus
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fetal circulation: if blood is in the R atrium most of it goes where?
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through foramen ovale into L atrium to L vent. to aorta to systemic
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fetal circulation: if blood is in the R atrium, a SMALL amount of blood does what?
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to R vent, to pulm trunk, through ductus arteriosis, to aorta to systemic (most of it goes through foramen ovale into L atrium and into systemic circulation)
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Postnatal circulation: what closes?
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umbilical aa: medial ligaments
umb. vein: ligamentum teres ductus venosis: liga. venosum duct arteriosus: liga arteriosum foramen ovale: fossa ovale |
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closure of the L umbillical vein gives:
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ligamentum teres and also ligamentum venosum (when ductus venosus closes since the L umb. vein makes ductus venosis)
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how many umbilical veins and which?
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1 and the left is used: forms ductus venosum and after birth forms ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres when the vein itself degen.
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coarctation of the aorta
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when certain areas of the aorta constrict
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which condition will the fetus survive and how? preductal or postductal coarctation of the aorta?
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will survive postductal by forming collateral bv's
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what happens to a baby with preductal coarctation of the aorta
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dies...(pre is bad!)
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double aortic arch
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persistent right dorsal aorta and leads to vascular ring
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where are dust cells found?
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alveoli
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where are clara cells found?
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terminal bronchiole
respiratory bronchiole |
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thorax is shorter anteriorly or posteriorly?
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anteriorly
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nipple at what level?
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4th intercostal space
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ribs angle which way?
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down and forward
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sternal angle at which rib?
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2
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true ribs
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1-7
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false ribs
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8-10
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floating ribs
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11-12
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which part of the rib connects to the vertebrae?
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head
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rib * attaches to what vertebrae?
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vertebrae * transverse process
vertebrae * superior articulating process vertebrae *-1 inf. artic. process (one above) |
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name the two notches on the top of the manubrium
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jugular notch and two clavicular notches
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describe the sternoclavicular joint
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there is a fibrocartilage disk just like the TMJ
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the only bony attachment of the axial skel. to the appendicular skel. is the...
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sternoclavicular joint
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superior thoracic aperture made of
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rib 1, top of manubrium, costal cartilage of rib 1, T1 vertebrae
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diaphragm attaches to
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inferior thoracic aperture
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inferior thoracic aperture made by
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rib 12, rib 10 and costal margin including the cartilage, xiphosternal joint, vertebrae T12
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when you exhale what happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs
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volume decreases
pressure increases air goes out |
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what happens when you inhale
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volume increases
pressure decreases air comes in |
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membrane for external intercostals
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in front by sternum
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internal intercostal membrane location
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posteriorly
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transversus thoracus...description
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near sternum, spans 1-2 ribs, same orientation as external
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innermost intercostal membrane location
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both anterior and posterior
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orientation of innermost intercostal
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same as internal (opposite of external)
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nerves and arteries of the thoracic wall run between...
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internal and innermost intercostal muscles in the costal groove
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describe how herpes zoster virus spreads
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herpes zoster virus can live in the dorsal root ganglion and can send the virus out and you get a rash on certain levels according to the dermatome pattern
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how are the vessels oriented in the intercostal space?
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from superior to inferior:
vein artery nerve |
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when placing a chest tube you would go through: (list the order)
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skin
subcutaneous tissue 3 layers of intercostal muscles endothoracic fascia parietal pleura |
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thorax is supplied by arteries from what 3 sources?
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thoracic aorta (posterior intercostal aa)
subclavian a (internal thoracic ->anterior intercostals)(supreme intercostal aa) axillary a (lateral thoracic a) |
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thoracic aorta gives rise to what arteries that supply the thorax?
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posterior intercostals
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subclavian a gives rise to what aa that supply the thorax?
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internal thoracic -> anterior intercostals and musculophrenic and superior epigastric
supreme intercostals |
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axillary artery gives rise to what artery that supplies the thorax?
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lateral thoracic
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what are pleural reflections and name them
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where the pleura change direction
sternal vertebral (more rounded) costal |
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what is a pleural recess and name them
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potential spaces where lungs flow into when you inhale
costodiaphragmatic costomediastinal |
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what is the pulmonary ligament
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double fold of the pleura
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list the structures in the root of the lung
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bronchi
pulm. veins pulm. artery nerves lymphatics |
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name the lung surfaces
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costal
mediastinal diaphragmatic |
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which fissure is only found on one lung and which one and what does it separate?
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horizontal fissure
right lung separates superior and middle lobes |
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which division of the "tree" takes you to each lobe of the lung
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the secondary bronchi (the right lung has 3 left has 2)
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parasympathetic action for lungs
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constricts bronchi
dilates bv's secretes mucous |
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sypathetic action for lungs
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dilates bronchi
constricts bv's inhibits secretion |
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where does bacterial endocarditis affect?
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heart valves
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epicardium is the same as
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visceral pericardium
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purpose of fibrous skeleton of heart
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keeps valve openings patent
attachment for valve cusps attachment for myocardium electrical insulator |
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which valves are not anchored to papillary muscles
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aortic valve
pulmonary valve |
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sympathetic action for heart
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increases heart rate and force of contraction
dilates coronary aa (giving more O2 to the heart) |
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parasympathetic action for heart
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slow heart rate
reduce force of contraction constrict coronary aa |
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superior mediastinum contains
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great vessels
trachea esophagus nerves thoracic duct |
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brachiocephalic vein is ________to the arteries
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anterior
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vagus nerve runs.........
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between veins and arteries (deep to the brachiocephalic vein)
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bronchus is ______to pulm. arteries
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posterior
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arteries are typically _____&______ to veins
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superior and deep
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contents of posterior mediastinum
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thoracic aorta
esophagus azygos veins thoracic duct splanchnic nerves |
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which one exits more superiorly? esophagus or aorta
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esophagus at T10...aorta exits at T12
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thoracic duct lies....
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posterior to esophagus b/t aorta and azygos vein...so it goes:
esophagus aorta thoracic duct azygos vein |
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where does the thoracic duct begin
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cysterna chyli
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where does thoracic duct enter
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venous angle: angle of internal jugular and subclavian veins
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what combines to make the SVC
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left brachiocephalic vein
right brachiocephalic vein azygos vein |
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which branch of the vagus is more anterior?
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left
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the right primary bronchus is crossed anteriorly by the:
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right pulmonary artery
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fibrous pericardium is too tough and heart cant expand
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cardiac tamponade
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inflammation of the pericardium making the serous layers rough is called...
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pericarditis
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when the fluid from pericardial capillaries comes into the pericardial sac
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pericardial effusion
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apex of heart located at
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5th intercostal space
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the base of the heart is the heart's ____aspect
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posterior (mostly the left atrium)
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vagus nerve runs ______to the root of the lung
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posterior...remember the left is on the front of the esophagus
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the phrenic nerve runs ______to the root of the lung
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anterior
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aorta is _____ to the root of the left lung
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posterior
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describe bronchial arteries...where they come off and where they are located
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come off of thoracic aorta and can be found on posterior bronchi
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describe esophageal arteries...where they come off and where they are located
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come off of thoracic aorta and can be found on anterior esophagus
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what are the relationships of esophagus, thoracic duct, aorta, azygos vein
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most posterior to anterior:
azygos vein thoracic duct aorta esophagus |
