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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fetal landmarks Day 0
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Fertilization by sperm, initiating embryogenesis.
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Fetal landmarks Within week 1
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Implantation (as a blastocyst).
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Fetal landmarks Within week 2
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Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).
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Fetal landmarks Within week 3
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Gastrulation. Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form.
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Fetal landmarks Weeks 3–8 wrt
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Neural tube formed. Organogenesis. Extremely susceptible to teratogens.
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Fetal landmarks Week 4
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Heart begins to beat: 4 chambers in week 4. Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.
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Fetal landmarks Week 8
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Fetal movement; fetus looks like a baby.
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Fetal landmarks Week 10
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Genitalia have male/female characteristics.
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Fetal landmarks plates with functions
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Alar plate - Sensory Basal plate - Motor
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Fetal landmarks first week
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Fertilization - day 1 Zygote - day 2 Morula - day 3 blastocyst - day 5 implantation - day 6
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Implantation (as a blastocyst).
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within week 1
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast).
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Within week 2
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form.
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Within week 3
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Gastrulation.
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Within week 3
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Neural tube formed.
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Weeks 3–8
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Organogenesis.
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Weeks 3–8
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Extremely susceptible to teratogens.
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Weeks 3–8
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Heart begins to beat
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week 4 4 chambers in week 4.
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.
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Week 4
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur fetus looks like a baby.
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Week 8
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Fetal movement
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Week 8
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Fetal landmarks when does the following occur Genitalia have male/female characteristics.
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Week 10
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Rule of 2’s for 2nd week
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--2 germ layers (bilaminar disk): epiblast, hypoblast. --2 cavities: amniotic cavity, yolk sac. --2 components to placenta: cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast.
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The epiblast precursor to what and what it does/forms
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(precursor to ectoderm) invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.
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invaginates to form primitive streak. Cells from the primitive streak give rise to both intraembryonic mesoderm and endoderm.
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The epiblast (precursor to ectoderm)
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Rule of 3’s for 3rd week
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3 germ layers (gastrula): ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
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Embryologic derivatives Mesodermal defects =
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VACTERL: Vertebral defect, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle).
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Embryologic derivatives Surface ectoderm
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Adenohypophysis; lens of eye; epithelial linings of skin, ear, eye, and nose; epidermis.
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Embryologic derivatives Neuroectoderm
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Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland.
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Embryologic derivatives Neural crest
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ANS, dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid, laryngeal cartilage, bones of the skull
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Embryologic derivatives Endoderm
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Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (e.g., lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells).
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Embryologic derivatives Notochord
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Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate). Its only postnatal derivative is the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.
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Embryologic derivatives Mesoderm
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Dura mater, connective tissue, muscle, bone, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood urogenital structures, serous linings of body cavities (e.g., peritoneal), spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys.
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7. Common congenital malformations
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1. Heart defects 2. Hypospadias 3. Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) 4. Congenital hip dislocation 5. Spina bifida 6. Anencephaly 7. Pyloric stenosis
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Associated with projectile vomiting.
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Pyloric stenosis
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Teratogens effect/cause Alcohol
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Birth defects and mental retardation (leading cause); fetal alcohol syndrome
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Teratogens effect/cause mental retardation (leading cause)
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Alcohol
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Teratogens effect/cause ACE inhibitors
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Renal damage
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Teratogens effect/cause Renal damage
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ACE inhibitors
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Teratogens effect/cause Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
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Cocaine
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Teratogens effect/cause Cocaine
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Abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction
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Teratogens effect/cause Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
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Teratogens effect/cause Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
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Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Teratogens effect/cause Iodide
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Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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Teratogens effect/cause Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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Iodide
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Teratogens effect/cause 13-cis-retinoic acid
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Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation)
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Teratogens effect/cause Extremely high risk for birth defects (hearing and visual impairment, missing earlobes, facial dysmorphism, and mental retardation)
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13-cis-retinoic acid
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Teratogens effect/cause Thalidomide
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Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)
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Teratogens effect/cause Limb defects (“flipper” limbs)
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Thalidomide
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Teratogens effect/cause Tobacco
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Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Teratogens effect/cause Preterm labor, placental problems, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Tobacco
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Teratogens effect/cause Warfarin
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multiple
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Teratogens effect/cause anticonvulsants
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multiple
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Teratogens effect/cause Xrays
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multiple
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Teratogens effect/cause multiple
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Warfarin, x-rays, anticonvulsants
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FAS what are the defects
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craniofacial abnormalities microcephaly limb dislocation heart and lung fistulas
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FAS mech
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unknown, but may include inhibition of cell migration
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Umbilical cord contents and where the blood comes from/goes
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Contains 2 umbilical arteries, which return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries, and 1 umbilical vein, which supplies oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
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Allantoic duct role
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removes nitrogenous waste (from fetal bladder, like a urethra).
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Single umbilical artery is associated with
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congenital and chromosomal anomalies.
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Umbilical cord structure and congenital and chromosomal anomalies.
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Single umbilical artery is associated with congenital and chromosomal anomalies.
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Wharton´s jelly what, derivation, structure and function
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a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, composed of cells that originate in the original egg and sperm of conception. It is largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). As a mucous tissue it protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels.
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Truncus arteriosus
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Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Bulbus cordis
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Smooth parts of left and right ventricle
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Heart embryology what structures arise from the Primitive ventricle
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Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Primitive atria
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Trabeculated left and right atrium
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)
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Coronary sinus
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Right horn of SV
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Smooth part of right atrium
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Heart embryology what this gives rise to Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
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SVC
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Truncus arteriosus
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Smooth parts of left and right ventricle
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Bulbus cordis
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle
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Primitive ventricle
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Trabeculated left and right atrium
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Primitive atria
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Coronary sinus
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Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)
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What embyonic structure gives rise to Smooth part of right atrium
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Right horn of SV
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What embyonic structure gives rise to SVC
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Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
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Fetal erythropoiesis by time frame
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Young Liver Synthesizes Blood. Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: 1. Yolk sac (3–8 wk) 2. Liver (6–30 wk) 3. Spleen (9–28 wk) 4. Bone marrow (28 wk onward)
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Fetal hemoglobin = Adult hemoglobin =
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Fetal hemoglobin =α2γ2. (gamma) Adult hemoglobin =α2β2.
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Fetal component of the placenta and where/function
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cytotrophoblast composes the inner layer of chorionic villi. Syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer and secretes hCG
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placenta what is the outer layer and secretes hCG
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Syncytiotrophoblast
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placenta what composes the inner layer of chorionic villi
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cytotrophoblast
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maternal component of the placenta
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Decidua basalis derived from the endometrium
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steps in the interventricular septum development
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1. muscular interventricular septum forms with an interventricular foramen 2.(twisting)aorticopulmonary septum devides the truncus into the 2 trunks 3. 2 septums meet, fuse, become membranous, and close the interventricular foramen
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Fetal circulation 3 important shunts:
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foramen ovale ductus arteriosis ductus venosus
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Fetal circulation foramen ovale
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Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head.
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Fetal circulation ductus arteriosis
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Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus to the lower body of the fetus.
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Fetal circulation ductus venosus
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Blood entering the fetus hrough the umbilical vein s conducted via the ductus venosus into the VC.
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Fetal circulation changes at birth
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infant takes a breath; ↓ resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes ↑ left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure; foramen ovale closes; ↑ in O2 leads to ↓ in prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosus.
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drugs to open or close PDA
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Indomethacin closes the PDA. Prostaglandins keep a patent PDA open.
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Umbilical vein
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ligamentum teres hepatis
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum teres hepatis
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Umbilical vein
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Umbilical arteries
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mediaL umbilical ligaments
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure medial umbilical ligaments
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UmbiLical arteries
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Ductus arteriosus
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––ligamentum arteriosum
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum arteriosum
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Ductus arteriosus
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Ductus venosus
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ligamentum venosum
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure ligamentum venosum
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Ductus venosus
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Foramen ovale
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fossa ovalis
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure fossa ovalis
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Foramen ovale
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure median umbilical ligament
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AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Allantois
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AllaNtois––urachus––mediaN umbilical ligament
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Notochord
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nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk
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Notochord
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Fetal/postnatal corresponding structure Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant.
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The urachus
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What is contained in the falciform ligament
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round ligament and paraumbilical veins.
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The urachus is the part of
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the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus.
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what is part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus.
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urachus
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Aortic arch derivatives 1st
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part of MAXillary artery.
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Aortic arch derivatives part of MAXillary artery.
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1st
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Aortic arch derivatives 2nd
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Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.
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Aortic arch derivatives Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.
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2nd
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Aortic arch derivatives 3rd
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common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery.
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Aortic arch derivatives common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery.
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3rd
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Aortic arch derivatives 4th
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on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery.
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Aortic arch derivatives on left, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of right subclavian artery.
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4th
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Aortic arch derivatives 6th
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proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus.
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Aortic arch derivatives proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus.
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6th
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Aortic arch derivatives mnemonic
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-1st arch is MAXimal. -Second = Stapedial. -C is 3rd letter of alphabet. -4th arch (4 limbs)=systemic. -6th arch = pulmonary and the pulmonary-to-systemic shunt (ductus arteriosus).
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Branchial apparatus different parts and what they are from
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Branchial clefts are derived from ectoderm. Branchial arches are derived from mesoderm and neural crests. Branchial pouches are derived from endoderm.
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Branchial apparatus aka/s
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Branchial apparatus is also called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves.
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pharyngeal apparatus aka/s
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Branchial apparatus is also called pharyngeal apparatus. Clefts are also called grooves.
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Branchial apparatus layers
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CAP covers outside from inside (Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm).
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Branchial arch 1 derivatives muscles
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Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament.
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Branchial arch 1 derivatives cartilage
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Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids) Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue.
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Branchial arch 1 derivatives nerves
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Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3.
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Branchial arch 2 derivatives muscles
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Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.
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Branchial arch 2 derivatives cartilage
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Muscles: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.
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Branchial arch 2 derivatives nerves
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Nerve: CN VII.
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Branchial arch 3 derivatives muscles
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Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.
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Branchial arch 3 derivatives cartilage
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Muscle: stylopharyngeus.
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Branchial arch 3 derivatives nerves
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Nerve: CN IX.
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Branchial arch 4,6 derivatives cartilages
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Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.
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Branchial arch 4 derivatives muscles
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Muscles (4th arch): most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.
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Branchial arch 4 derivatives nerves
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Nerve: 4th arch––CN X (superior laryngeal branch);
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Branchial arch 6 derivatives muscles
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Muscles (6th arch): all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.
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Branchial arch 6 derivatives nerves
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6th arch––CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).
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which Branchial arches form posterior 1/3 of tongue.
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Arches 3 and 4
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which Branchial arch Meckel’s cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandibular ligament.
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1
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which Branchial arch Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2⁄3 of tongue.
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1
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which Branchial arch Nerve: CN V2 and CN V3.
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1
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which Branchial arch Reichert’s cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament.
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2
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which Branchial arch are the following mm derived from: muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric.
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2
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which Branchial arch Nerve: CN VII.
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2
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which Branchial arch Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid.
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3
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which Branchial arch Muscle: stylopharyngeus.
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3
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which Branchial arch Nerve: CN IX.
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3
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which Branchial arch Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.
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6-Apr
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which Branchial arch Muscles: most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini.
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(4th arch)
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which Branchial arch Muscles : all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.
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(6th arch)
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which Branchial arch CN X (superior laryngeal branch)
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4th
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which Branchial arch CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).
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6th
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which Branchial arch makes no major developmental contributions.
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Arch 5
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Branchial arch innervation and implications
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Arch 1 -- CN V2 and V3. Arch 2 -- CN VII. Arch 3 -- CN IX. Arch 4 and 6 --CN X. with the exception of V2(no motor) these are the only CN's that have both sensory and motor components
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Tongue development wrt arches and sensation/taste
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1st branchial arch forms anterior 2/3 (thus sensation via CN V3, taste via CN VII). 3rd and 4th arches form posterior 1/3 (thus sensation and taste mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X).
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Tongue motor innervation
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Motor innervation is via CN XII.
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Taste sensory nucleus of the brain and CN's
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Taste is CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus);
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Pain and motor innervation of the tounge
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pain is CN V3, IX, X; motor is CN XII.
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Branchial cleft derivatives 1st
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1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.
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Branchial cleft derivatives 2nd-4th
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2nd through 4th clefts form temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme.
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Persistent cervical sinus can lead to what and where
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a branchial cyst in the lateral neck. Thyroglossal duct cyst in midline neck.
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Ear development Bones
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Malleus/incus–– 1st arch Stapes––2nd arch
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Ear development Muscles
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Tensor tyMpani (V3)––1st arch Stapedius (VII)––2nd arch
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Ear development External auditory meatus
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1st cleft
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Ear development eustachian tube
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Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st branchial membrane
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Ear development Eardrum
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Eardrum, eustachian tube––1st branchial membrane
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branchial membranes
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are located at junctions of clefts with pouches
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are located at junctions of clefts with pouches
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branchial membranes
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Branchial pouch derivatives 1st pouch
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middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.
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Branchial pouch derivatives middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells.
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1st pouch
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Branchial pouch derivatives 2nd pouch
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develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.
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Branchial pouch derivatives develops into epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.
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2nd pouch
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Branchial pouch derivatives 3rd pouch
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3rd pouch (dorsal wings) develops into inferior parathyroids. 3rd pouch (ventral wings) develops into thymus.
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Branchial pouch derivatives develops into inferior parathyroids.
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3rd pouch (dorsal wings)
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Branchial pouch derivatives develops into thymus.
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3rd pouch (ventral wings)
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Branchial pouch derivatives 4th pouch
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develops into superior parathyroids.
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Branchial pouch derivatives develops into superior parathyroids.
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4th pouch
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Branchial pouch Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches →
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DiGeorge syndrome
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Branchial derivatives DiGeorge syndrome
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Aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches
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Thyroid development arises from and movement
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Thyroid diverticulum arises from floor of primitive pharynx, descends into neck.
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Thyroid development WRT tounge
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Connected to tongue by thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears but may persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid.
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Thyroid development wrt normal remnant
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persist as pyramidal lobe of thyroid. Foramen cecum is normal remnant of thyroglossal duct.
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Most common ectopic thyroid tissue
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the tongue.
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Cleft lip
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failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).
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failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° palate).
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Cleft lip
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Cleft palate
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failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).
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failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine process (formation of 2° palate).
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Cleft palate
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Diaphragm embryology derivations
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Several Parts Build Diaphragm. 1. Septum transversum 2. Pleuroperitoneal folds 3. Body wall 4. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
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Diaphragm migration
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Diaphragm descends during development but maintains innervation from C3–C5. “C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.”
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Pancreas is derived from the
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foregut
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Pancreas where the different parts derive from
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Ventral pancreatic bud becomes pancreatic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct. Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes everything else (body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct).
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Spleen arises from/blood supply
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dorsal mesentery but is supplied by artery of foregut.
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Annular pancreas
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ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.
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ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircle duodenum;forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing.
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Annular pancreas
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borders from foregut to hind gut
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1. Foregut––pharynx to duodenum 2. Midgut––duodenum to transverse colon 3. Hindgut––distal transverse colon to rectum
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Kidney embryology
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1. Pronephros––week 4 then degenerates 2. Mesonephros––first trimester then contributes to male genital system 3. Metanephros––permanent
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Mesonephric (wolffian) duct becomes
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SEED. Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens.
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Mesonephric duct aka
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wolffian duct
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wolffian duct aka
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Mesonephric duct
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Paramesonephric duct aka
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müllerian duct
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müllerian duct aka
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Paramesonephric duct
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Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct becomes
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Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.
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Develops into fallopian tube, uterus, and part of vagina.
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Paramesonephric (müllerian) duct
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Develops into Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens.
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Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
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Müllerian inhibiting substance secreted by/for
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by testes suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males.
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↑ androgens cause development of ?????? ducts.
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Mesonephric (wolffian) duct
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what cause development of mesonephric ducts.
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↑ androgens
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Male detrmining gene and process
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SRY gene on Y Chr codes for testis-determining factor. leads to Müllerian inhibiting substance secreted by testes suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts in males.
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male homolog of Glans clitoris
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Glans penis
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male homolog of Vestibular bulbs
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Corpus spongiosum
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male homolog of Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)
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Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)
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male homolog of Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
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Prostate gland
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male homolog of Labia minora
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Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
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male homolog of Labia majora
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Scrotum
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female homolog of Glans penis
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Glans clitoris
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female homolog of Corpus spongiosum
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Vestibular bulbs
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female homolog of Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper)
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Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)
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female homolog of Prostate gland
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Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
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female homolog of Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
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Labia minora
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female homolog of Scrotum
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Labia majora
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Male/female genital homologues what drives it towards male vs female
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Dihydrotestosterone vs Estrogen
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In the male what does the Genital tubercle become
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Glans penis
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In the male what does the Urogenital sinus become
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-Corpus spongiosum -Bulbourethral gland (of Cowper) -Prostate gland
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In the male what does the Urogenital folds become
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Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)
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In the male what does the Labioscrotal swelling become
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Scrotum
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In the female what does the Genital tubercle become
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Glans clitoris
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In the female what does the Urogenital sinus become
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-Vestibular bulbs -Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) -Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
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In the female what does the Urogenital folds become
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Labia minora
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In the female what does the Labioscrotal swelling become
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Labia majora
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