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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where are the cells from the primary yolk sac produced?
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the hypoblast
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Whose genes does the hydatidiform mole express?
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the paternal genes
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What layer does the primitive streak appear?
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The epiblast
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After gastrulation, the yolk sac is in which layer?
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endoderm
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Where do ectopic pregnancies occur frequently?
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in the uterine tubes
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What are the differences between male and female gametes?
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Females: produce only 1 mature gamete that is large and nonmotile and only produced until about 50 years of age.
Males: produce 4 mature gamete is that are small and motile and are produced throughout life. |
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hCG is produced by?
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syncytiotrophoblast
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Where do gametes usually meet?
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in the ampulla
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What are the phases of fertilization in order?
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Capacitation, Acrosomal, Cortical, and Zona
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What are the phases of the ovarian cycle
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Follicular phase, Ovulatory phase, and Luteal phase
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What phase is the Ovarian cycle in at days 15-28?
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Luteal phase
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This hormone is produced in the hypothalmus
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GnRH
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What are the two gonadotropic hormones?
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FSH and LH
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What is the functional layer of the uterus?
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Endometrium.
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What phase of the menstrual cycle would pregnancy occur?
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Secretory phase
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What phase is the menstrual cylce in at days 5-14?
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Proliferative phase
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What phase of the menstrual cycle does Ovulation occur?
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Proliferative phase
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what are the glands secreting in the secretory phase of the Menstrual cycle?
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glycogen
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This period is when the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins are removed from the acrosome
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Capacitation
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What are the phases for fertilization in order?
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Capacitation, Acrosome, Cortical reaction, and Zona reaction
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This reaction disrupts the binding sites for sperm allowing the remaining sperm to fall off.
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Zona reaction
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What happens during the cortical reaction?
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there is a release of lysosomal granules from oocyte caused by penetration.
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What fuses together to make a zygote?
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Male and Female pronuclei
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What are the results of fertilization?
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diploid number of chrmosomes are restored, genetic gender is determined, the first cell of the new individual, cleavage is initiated.
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Where do rapid mitotic divisions with little or no change in mass occur?
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Zona pellucida
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What are the first two cells produced during cleavage called?
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Blastomeres
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What is the conceptus called at 16-32 blastomeres?
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morulla
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what is the inner cell mass also known as?
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The embryoblast
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What is the blastocyst made of?
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outercell mass - tropoblast, inner cell mass- embryoblast, and fluid from the disintegrated zona pellucida.
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What are the two germ layers of the embryoblast?
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epiblast and hypoblast
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What are the two tissue layers of the trophoblast?
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Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
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What are the two layers of the extramembryonic mesoderm?
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somatopleuricmesoderm and splanchnopleuric mesoderm
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What is the blastocyst cavity remodeled into?
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bilaminar germ disk and extraembryonic mesoderm
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Where is placenta previa found
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When implantation takes place in the bottom of the uterus and crosses the internal os
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This is fertilization that occurs outside the uterus. It can happen in the perironeum
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Rectouterine cavity -- Douglas pouch
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What is the purpose of HcG?
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It mimics the effects of LH to keep the endometrium from shedding.
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This is an abnormal implantation that produces high levels of HcG and can produce benign or malignant tumors
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Hydatidiform mole
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This layer forms the floor of the amniotic cavity
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Epiblast
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The hypoblast forms the roof of what cavity?
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The exocoelomic cavity
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What is another name for the exxocoelomic cavity?
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The primary yolk sac
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These are the remnants of the primary yolk sac
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exocoelomic cysts
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The synctytiotrophoblasts create vacuoles in the intervillous space of the placenta. What are these cavities called?
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lacunae primordia
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The embryonic disk is made up of which components?
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The epiblast and the hypoblast
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What does the bilaminar disk seperate?
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The amniotic cavity and the yolk sac
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What does the somatoplueric mesoderm line?
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lines the yolk sac
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What does the splanchnopleuric mesoderm line?
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lines cytotrophoblast and amnion cells
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What end of the embryo does the primitive streak form?
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The caudal end
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Where is the primitive node located?
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at the cranial end
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What is the thickened hypoblast later at the cephalic region called?
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Buccopharyngeal membrane
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Which layer does the buccopharyngeal membrane lack?
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Mesoderm
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This is a circular area caudal to the primitive streak.
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The cloacal membrane
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Mesenchymal cells in midline from primitive pit to buccopharyngeal membrane is called
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Notochord
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What is the basis for the axial skeleton?
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Notochord
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Druring proliferation to form the neural tube, this gets excluded.
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Neural crest
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What does the neural tube develop into?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What develops into the brain and the spinal cord
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Neural tube
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What is the paraxial mesoderm?
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The mesoderm on the sides of the neural tube
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What two layers is the lateral plate mesoderm divided into?
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Somatic (parietal) mesoderm and Splanchnic (viseral) mesoderm
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Which layer of the lateral plate mesoderm is associated with the ectoderm?
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Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
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What are the cells that will be blood vessels and blood cells?
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Angioblasts
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what cell type are melanocytes derived from
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neural crest cells
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the epidermis is a single layer of
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ectoderm
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periderm is formed from
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epidermis
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the connecting stalk is formed from
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amnion and chorion
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the primitive streak is the beginning of
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gastrulation
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what is the basis for the axial skeleton
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notochord (mesenchymal)
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the upper layer forms the dermal papillae
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corium
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the lower layer containig the hypodermis is
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subsorium
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what is the most common sweat gland
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eccrine
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this sweat gland is found mostly in the axilla and pubic regions
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apocrine
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neural crest cells come from
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ectoderm
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What is the most basic component of the cell
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Plasma Membrane
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What controls the passage of material into and out the cell
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Plasma Membbrane
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What are the ways that the plasma membrane controls passage into and out the cell?
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-acts as barrier between internal and external environment
-maintins ion and charge gradients |
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What type of proteins span the entire plasma membrane
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integral / transmembrane proteins
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What are covalently linked sugar residues located outside the cell
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glycoproteins
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What type of bond joins adjacent nucleotides of nucleic acids?
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Phosphodiester bonds
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During the process of cellular respiration, what normally occurs in the cytoplasm?
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glycolosis
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Proteins that have an extracellular domain as well as a cytoplasmic domain are examples of _____ membrane proteins.
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intrinsic protein
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What kind of proteins are associated with either cytoplasmic or extracellular domains?
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extrinsic proteins
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Microvilli are composed of?
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Micro filaments
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What is the major function of cilia
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move material across the surface of the cell
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The basal body of a cilium can be described as
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9+0
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Which cell junction is found between the basal surface of an epithelial cell and the basal lamina
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hemidesmasome
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Which junction allows for cytoplasmic communication between adjacent cells?
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gap junction
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Motor proteins are associated with ____ enabling them to move
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cilia
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The major protein component of stereocilia is
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actin
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The most variable part of the cell cycle in terms of length is:
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G1
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Most glandular epithelia secrete by the ________ method
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glandular
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Glandular epithelia are derived from
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surface epithelium
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Cell surface specializations of epithelia are found on the ____ surface
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apical
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epithelial tissue is characterized by the almost total lack of an
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extracellular matrix
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Replication of the DNA in the nucleus occurs during
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S phase
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Long lived cells that exit the cell cycle and enter G0, do so during
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G1
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Stereoisomers have the same chemical composition, but different spatial arrangements.
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True
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Microtubules needed for the mitotic spindle are synthesized during which phase of the cell cycle
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G2
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Which is the shortest phase of the cell cycle
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M
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External regulation of the cell cycle is provided by cyclins
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False
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Chromosomes first appear during
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prophase
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what is responsible for cytokinesis
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microfilaments
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DNA synthesis occurs before
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G2
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Epithelial cells may be specialized for
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absorption and secretion
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Glandular epithelia arises embryonically from surface epithelia
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True
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Cells that die when they release their secretions are said to secrete by the _____ method
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holocrine
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Components of ribosomes are synthesized in the
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nucleolus
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The inner membrane of mitochondria contains the proteins of the
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electron transport chain
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Microfilaments are more diverse in composition than intermediate filaments
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False
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