Elizabeth I

Front 1

Elizabeths 3 short term aims as queen

Back 1

Consolidate her position

Settle religious issues

Pursue a peaceful settlement with the French

Front 2

William Cecil

Back 2

Elizabeths principal secretary and leader of one of the two factions in her court. Eventually given the title Lord Burghley

Front 3

Protestant influences on Elizabeth

Back 3

Mother Anne Boleyn was protestant

Her teachers were knowledgeable about Lutheran ideas

Front 4

Catholic influences on Elizabeth

Back 4

Liked some traditional Catholic teachings

Liked the ornaments eg candles alters and church music

Disagreement with archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker over clemency - living with his wife

Front 5

Influences on religious settlement at home

Back 5

Royal Proclamation insisted there would be no preaching opposition of Catholic Bishops appointed by Mary

Catholic voting block in the house of Lords

They objected to bring the protestant prayer book of 1552 back

Front 6

Influences on religious settlement abroad

Back 6

Still at war with France and unable to rely on Spain.

Scotland allied with France with Mary QoS being heir to the English and French throne

Cateau cambresis ended wars between France and Spain

Front 7

What 5 things did the Elizabethan religious settlement consist of

Back 7

Act of Supremacy (1559)

Act of uniformity (1559)

Royal injunctions (1559)

New book of common prayer

39 articles of religion (1563)

Front 8

Act of Supremacy 1559

Back 8

Established the monarch as supreme governor of the church rather than supreme head

All churchmen had to swear an oath of loyalty

New Court 'court of high comission' prosecuted those who were disloyal

Front 9

Significance of act of Supremacy

Back 9

Governor means overseeing matters whilst head meant complete control. Elizabeth as a woman could not guarantee this

Front 10

Examples of change with the act of uniformity 1559

Back 10

Any practises before 1549 and first book of common prayer should be followed

Altar replaced by a more protestant communion table

Front 11

Continuity with the 1559 act of uniformity

Back 11

Crosses and candles as used in Catholic churches could be used

Catholic appearance for priests

Front 12

Changes with 1559 royal injunctions

Back 12

Preachers had to be licensed by a bishop

Preachers had to do at least 1 service a month or they'd lose the license

Pilgrimages outlawed

No more destruction of alters

Front 13

Example of continuity with the royal injunctions

Back 13

Each church had to have a bible written in English

Front 14

1559 prayer book

Back 14

Aimed to establish 1 set of doctrines

Fusion of 2 previous prayer books in particular the bread and wine

Front 15

39 articles 1563

Back 15

A statement of what angelicanism is

Made law in 1571

Front 16

Act of exchange 1559

Back 16

Elizabeth was allowed to take over property belonging to Bishops and force them to only rent land to her

Front 17

What 4 issues did Elizabeth face finding a possible suitor

Back 17

A foreign suitor could confirm or strengthen English alliances or diplomatic position

However England could become a satellite of a foreign husbands native country (Mary)

To marry an English suitor might upset the domestic political balance and exacerbate fictionalised

Issue of suitors religion was important and the religious settlement indicated she wouldn't marry a Catholic

Front 18

What pressures were on Elizabeth to marry

Back 18

There was no guarantee that she would last long and needed to achieve stability.

The issue of a female ruler was real for many in the kingdom

Marriage could provide the opportunity for a male heir

Front 19

Advantages and disadvantages for Elizabeth marrying Philip

Back 19

Provided political continuity and stability

Work with England against France

Work together to prevent Mary QoS gaining influence in England

Elizabeth wasn't interested in the match

Front 20

Advantages and disadvantages for marrying Austrian archdukes Ferdinand and Charles

Back 20

Younger sons of HRE

Would ensure habsburgs remain friendly to England

Ferdinand was a Catholic

Front 21

Advantages and disadvantages of marrying Prince Eric of Sweden

Back 21

Protestant

Heir to Swedish throne

Elizabeth liked him and his gifts

Little point as Sweden was insignificant in European diplomacy

Front 22

Advantages and disadvantages of marrying Robert Dudley

Back 22

Liz spent s lot of time with him and liked him

His family was executed by lizs family

Already married but his wife died suspiciously

William Cecil was against the match

Front 23

How could Elizabeth not marrying be seen as a positive policy choice

Back 23

It helped her with diplomacy when the country was threatened by Spain and helped to build trade relationships because she always had the carrot of her marriage

Front 24

Successes and failings of treaty of Cateau cambresis

Back 24

Immediate end to the war in France

England entitled to compensation over calais

Treaty easily broken,return of calais after 8 years gives France time to defend it

Calais is still under French control which is bad for England

Front 25

John Knox

Back 25

Leader of the Lords of the congregation and founder of Presbyterianism

Front 26

Evidence of success with intervention in Scotland

Back 26

Cecil was able to secure good terms in the treaty of Edinburgh

French forced to withdraw from Scotland

England gained full support of the Lords of the congregation who had influence at court

Mary Stuarts influence on French policy came to an end

Front 27

Evidence of failure with intervention in Scotland

Back 27

Initial siege after treaty of Berwick failed

Elizabeth only succeeded due to luck (death of Francis II)

Front 28

Why did Cecil want to intervene in Scotland

Back 28

He sympathised with the religious predicament of Scottish Protestants

He knew England would be more secure with French troops gone

He sought the removal of Mary QoS a potential Catholic claimant to the English throne

Front 29

Why was Elizabeth reluctant to intervene in Scotland

Back 29

She hated John Knox the leader of Scottish Protestants who had written against female rulers

Front 30

Treaty of Berwick 1560

Back 30

Elizabeth agreed to provide conditional support to the Lords of the congregation and sent an army north

Front 31

Treaty of Edinburgh 1560

Back 31

Treaty between Elizabeth and the Lords of congregation ending the siege of leith and replacing the auld alliance with an Angloscottish alliance whilst keeping peace with England and France

Front 32

Successes of intervention in France in 1562

Back 32

Catholic leader the Duke of guise assassination

Calais was expensive to maintain and could be used as a platform for invasion (good that it was lost)

Front 33

Failures of intervention in France

Back 33

Hugenot army defeated and leader captured - Elizabeth had loaned him £30000

English forced to agree to unfavourable terms at treaty of Troyes

Permanent loss of Calais

Front 34

Who encouraged Elizabeth to act against French Catholics

Back 34

Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester

Front 35

Treaty of Troyes

Back 35

England was forced to recognise French ownership of Calais and in return France paid 120000

Front 36

2 main causes of poverty in Elizabethan England

Back 36

Increase in population

Harvest failure

Front 37

Deserving and undeserving poor

Back 37

Undeserving - Should be given no assistance and punished if found begging

Deserving - Entitled to receive limited assistance from the government

Front 38

What methods did Elizabeth use to control and enhance her image as queen

Back 38

Royal progresses

Toned down extravagance and court to save money

Courtly rituals such as jousting in her honour

Front 39

What were the main functions of the privy council

Back 39

Discussions about

Law and Order

Defence

Religious enforcement

Manage parliament

Advice

Finances

Front 40

What was the purpose of patronage

Back 40

Giving power and influence to people to keep their loyalty and prevent rebellion

Front 41

What forms of patronage could be given out

Back 41

Grants of office - Higher positions in society

Grant of pensions or land

Monopolies

Front 42

What were Monopolies

Back 42

A lucrative form of income for the recipient who had the sole right to manufacture or sell a particular item

Front 43

What problems did Monopolies create

Back 43

They prevented competition in markets and there was frequent complaints about them

Allowed merchants to artificially alter prices too high

Front 44

Views and policies Cecil promoted

Back 44

Attacked religious extremism and sought to preserve England's independence when dealing with France and Spain. Conservative and a stabiliser

Front 45

Matthew Parker

Back 45

Elizabeths archbishop of Canterbury had been in exile during Marys reign but was trusted by Elizabeth as he had been chaplain to Anne Boleyn

Front 46

Marquis of Winchester

Back 46

A conservative along with Essex and Duke of Norfolk. Given the position of Lord treasurer his death along with other conservatives such as the Duke of Norfolk led to a reshaping of the privy council under Cecil

Front 47

Earl of Essex

Back 47

Stepson of the Earl of Leicester in military service to Elizabeth. He failed to restore order in Ireland and rebelled against Elizabeth in 1601after being frozen out of court by cecil leading to his execution

Front 48

Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester

Back 48

Created Earl of Leicester in 1564. Involved in a plot to marry Mary QoS to Norfolk which led to the northern rebellion. Norfolk was executed but Dudley was forgiven

Front 49

How did Dudley influence faction at elizabeths court

Back 49

Leader of a more radical group of ploticians at court and in the privy council. He supported active policies to defeat Catholicism and was frustrated by the Queens caution. He had so much influence being a favourite of Liz and therefore could voice his opinions freely

Front 50

How well did Elizabeth manage factions

Back 50

For the most part well although the factions disagreed with each other they were both loyal to Elizabeth and the balance of power never shifted

Front 51

List of examples of Elizabeth getting what she wanted from parliament

Back 51

Religious settlement

Money for suppression of 1569 rebellion

Tightening of the treason law against Catholics

Further tightening of Catholic laws after assassination of William of orange

Money for war against Spain in 1589

Triple and quadruple subsidies in 1597 and 1601 Golden speech

Front 52

List of examples of Elizabeth failing to achieve what she wanted from parliament

Back 52

Requests for money in 63 and 67

William Strickland annoyed Elizabeth because he suggested changes to the book of common prayer

Outrage in 63 and 66 when privy council raised issue of succession

60 bills weren't passed by parliament

Front 53

Peter Wentworth

Back 53

Puritan member of parliament imprisoned in the tower in 1576 for demanding greater freedom of speech

Front 54

Golden speech 1601

Back 54

One of Elizabeths final speeches during a period of turmoil. The reaction to this showed how well liked Elizabeth had been with many mps leaving in tears

Front 55

3 Aims of Elizabeths foreign policy

Back 55

To secure the succession through alliances and prevent Mary QoS being her successor

Increase the power of protestant England against Catholic Europe

Use the prospect of marriage as a diplomatic tool

Front 56

Northern Rebellion 1569

Back 56

Catholic Duke of Norfolk plotted to remove Elizabeth from power and replace her with Mary. Spain refused to intervene until the revolt Started. Norfolk surrendered and the conspirators were hanged

Front 57

Consequences of the northern rebellion

Back 57

Strengthened local government - council of the North under Huntingdon

Front 58

Ridolfi Plot 1571

Back 58

Ridolfi a florentine merchant intended to marry Mary QoS to Norfolk. Uncovered by Walsinghams network of spurs and informants. After it was discovered the leaders including Norfolk was executed

Front 59

Throckmorton plot 1583

Back 59

Throckmorton was an English Catholic and acted as intermediary between Mary and mendoza the Spanish ambassador. Wanted Mary as queen. Foiled by Walsinghams spies again.

Front 60

Significance of Throckmorton plot

Back 60

Led to creation of the bond of association

Worsened Anglo Spanish relations

Tightened conditions of Marys captivity - she was moved multiple times

Front 61

Babington plot 1586

Back 61

Mary involved in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. Exposed by Walsinghams codebreaker. This also enabled Burghley to execute Mary Qos

Front 62

Death of Mary QoS

Back 62

1587 one year before Spanish armada and Elizabeth delayed the execution as long as she could.

Front 63

The final succession

Back 63

Elizabeth did not have children and is James VI of Scotland had the best claim. Elizabeths councillors including Robert cecil kept contact with James and kept their positions in court

Front 64

Treaty of Hampton Court 1562

Back 64

Proposed loans and aid to protestant hugenots

Front 65

Treaty of Troyes 1564

Back 65

Brought and end to the conflict between England and France over le havre

Front 66

Actions of John Hawkins

Back 66

He attempted to break the Spanish trading monopoly in the carribean until he was blockaded in 1568

Front 67

Situation in the Netherlands

Back 67

Elizabeth came under pressure to help Dutch protestants under the control of Philip.

Front 68

Why was Elizabeth reluctant to act in the Netherlands

Back 68

She had heavy losses after intervention in France

She didn't want to aid rebels fighting a sovereign authority

Front 69

Trade harassment of Spain

Back 69

Elizabeth impounded 400000 florins from a Spanish ship intended to pay the Duke of Albas army in 1568. Alba seized English ships and property in the Netherlands as retaliation

Front 70

Expulsion of the sea beggars

Back 70

Elizabeth expelled the sea beggars in 1572 who were forced to land in the Dutch port of brielle. This caused a fill scale revolt against Spanish control

Front 71

Treaty of Joinville 1584

Back 71

Between Philip and the Catholic league in France (guise family) he promised to finance them and gave him no reason to not support Mary QoS

Front 72

Treaty of Nonsuch 1585

Back 72

Elizabeth alliance with the Dutch protestants rebels sending 8000 troops under the command of Robert Dudley

Front 73

Spanish armada

Back 73

1588 intended to travel from Cadiz to the Spanish Netherlands but attacked by England in the channel and driven north. Whilst attempting to loop round Ireland back to Spain the Spanish fleet was wrecked by storms

Front 74

Statute of Artificers 1563

Back 74

Compulsory labour especially at harvest time

A prohibition on anyone following a craft unless they served a 7 year apprenticeship

Setting of wage rates for JPs

Front 75

Poor act 1576

Back 75

Towns were required to make provision for the employment of the deserving poor

Front 76

Poor acts in 1598 and 1601

Back 76

The parish was made responsible for collecting taxes used for poor relief. An overseer was appointed to ensure relief was distributed fairly. Also arranged apprenticeships for children in poverty

Front 77

Earl of Tyrone

Back 77

Irish Earl who rebelled against Elizabeths rule. Threatens rhe creation of Catholic Ireland with Spanish support. Defeated Earl of Essex who sided with him before being defeated by Lord Mountjoy

Front 78

Battle of Yellow ford 1598

Back 78

Earl of Tyrone gained control of most of Ireland beyond the pale

Front 79

Failure of the Earl of essex

Back 79

Elizabeth sent him to Ireland as Lord lieutenant in 1599. He disobeyed her and made s truce with the Earl of Tyrone allowing him to increase his power in Ireland. Elizabeth was forced to send Lord Mountjoy who forced Tyrone into retreat

Front 80

Attempts to expand trade under Elizabeth

Back 80

Origination of the slave trade from Guinea to America.

Market of wool moved from antwerp to Amsterdam

Establishment of numerous trade companies such as muscovy in Russia,East India in India and levant with ottoman turks

Front 81

Patterns of trade under Elizabeth

Back 81

Value of internal trade exceeded that of foreign trade

Wide range of imported luxury goods

The cloth trade in Netherlands declined

New overseas markets were established but were economically marginal

Front 82

Exploitation and colonialisation under Elizabeth

Back 82

Colonisation of America named Virginia by Walter Raleigh

Front 83

Jesuits

Back 83

Dedicated servants to the Pope. Pope sent them to England to try and revert them to Catholicism

Front 84

What events post 1567 influenced a harder policy towards Catholics

Back 84

1571 act made papal bulls treasonable

1585 act against jesuits making it illegal for priests underbpapal authority to enter England

Front 85

Duke of Anjou

Back 85

Potential marriage candidate for Elizabeth and led to a formal alliance with France although the marriage never took place

Front 86

Treaty of Blois 1572

Back 86

Replaced the marriage idea with the Duke of Anjou with a formal Anglo French defensive alliance against Spain

Front 87

In what year was Elizabeth excommunicated by the pope

Back 87

1570

Front 88

Murder of William of orange

Back 88

1584 protestant leader in the Netherlands was assassinated by the spanish