Elementary Statistics Chapter 1

Front 1

Data

Back 1

Observations(such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected.

Front 2

Statistics

Back 2

A collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions about the entire population.

Front 3

Population

Back 3

The complete collection of all elements(scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied.

Front 4

Census

Back 4

The collection of data from every member of the population.

Front 5

Sample

Back 5

A subcollection of members selected from a population.

Front 6

Parameter

Back 6

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.

Front 7

Statistic

Back 7

A numerical example describing some characteristic of a sample.

Front 8

Quantitative Data

Back 8

Consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.

Front 9

Qualitative Data

Back 9

Can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic.

Front 10

Nominal level of measurement

Back 10

Data that consists of names, labels, or categories only.

Front 11

Ordinal level of measurement

Back 11

Can be arranged in some order, but difference between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless.

Front 12

Interval level of measurement

Back 12

Like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful.

Front 13

Ratio level of measurement

Back 13

There is a natural zero starting point. And is also like the interval level.

Front 14

Voluntary Response Sample

Back 14

One which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.

Front 15

Pictographs

Back 15

Drawings of objects.

Front 16

Confounding

Back 16

Occurs in an experiment when you are not able to distinguish among the effects of different factors.

Front 17

Random Sample

Back 17

Members of the population are selected in such a way that each individual member has a chance of being selected.

Front 18

Sampling error

Back 18

The difference between a sample result and the true population result; such as error results from chance sample fluctuations.

Front 19

Nonsampling error

Back 19

Occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed.